Trematodes

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What are the two classes of Trematodes?: 1.Blood flukes
2.Tissue flukes
What's the proper name for trematodes?: digenea
what is unique about tissue vs. blood flukes?: Tissue flukes are hermaphroditic.
what's the infectious stage of -blood flukes -tissue flukes: blood = cercariae larvae in H2O

tissue = metacercariae on 2' host or water plants
what is used for treatment of all flukes.. except?: Praziquantel

cept for Fasciola hepatica
What is the intermediate host for all flukes?: Snail
What tissues do the tissue flukes infect?: 1. Liver
2. Intestinal
3. Lungs
How many liver flukes are there? What are their names?: 3
Clonorchis sinensis
Metorchis conjunctus
Fasciola hepatica
How many Intestinal flukes are there? What are their names?: 3
Fasciolopsis buski
Heterophyes heterophyes
Metagonimus yokogawai
How many Pulmonary flukes are there? What are their names?: 1. Paragonimus westermani
what are 2 other common names for Clonorchis sinensis? Where is it distributed?: Chinese or Oriental liver fluke

Found in the Far East.
What are the hosts of Clonorchis sinensis? -Definitive -Intermediate: Humans
Fish-eating mammals

Snails, THEN freshwater fish
How long are C. sinensis adults? What do their ova look like?: Adults are about 15 mm
Their ova are the smallest of the flukes ova; They have an operculum at the NARROW end of the light-bulb shape.
How is C. sinensis transmitted?: By ingestion of undercooked fish; the metacircariae larvae encyst within the scales.
What is the life cycle of C. sinensis after ingesting fish?: Metacircs crawl into bile ducts --> adults live there --> ova pass to intestine, into feces --> stage of detection.
In general how severe is C. sinensis infection? Typical symptoms? -How is it diagnosed? -How is it prevented?: Not very - asymptomatic.
Indigestion, weight loss, hepatomegaly, jaundice, diarrhea, anemia
-Diagn: ova in stool
-Cook your fish
What liver fluke is so similar to C. sinensis it doesn't have to be identified? Where is it found? Defin. Hosts?: Metorchis conjunctus, aka N. American Liver Fluke.
Canadian Bears/Wolves/Foxes
What is the cause of Liver Rot? How is it treated?: Fasciola Hepatica

Treat with BITHIONAL - doesn't respond to Praziquantal.
What is F. hepatica's common name? What are 2 names for infections caused by it?: Sheep Liver Fluke
-Fascioliasis
-Liver Rot
What are hosts of F. hepatica? -Definitive -Intermediate: Defin: Humans, sheep, cattle, deer, rabbits.
Interm: only snails
App. how large are Adults and Ova of F. hepatica? -What does the ova look like?: Adults = 25mm; Ova = 140x80u

Ova are identical to D. latum ovum except 2x their size.
How is F. hepatica transmitted?: Metacircs encysted on grass/watercress/bank, soil -> humans ingest them.
What happens after ingestion of F. hepatica?: Larvae penetrate the intest. -> go to liver; adults develop -> ova pass thru bile ducts to intestine; passed in feces.
How severe is f. hepatica infection?: Pretty bad -
Early: fever chills, headache, PAIN blw stomach radiates back.
Late: hepatomegaly biliary obstructn, liver abcesses, jaundice, diarrhea
How is F. hepatica diagnosed? Prevented?: by presence of ova in feces.
By washing what you eat - watercress for sandwiches.
Of the 3 intestinal flukes, which is most common? What disease does it cause? Where is it found?: Fasciolopsis buski

-Fasciolopsiasis
-China
What are the hosts of F. buski? -Definitive -Intermediate: Defin: Humans, Dogs, Rabbits

Interm: only snails
How long are F. buski adults? What are their ova like?: 25-30 mm

Ova are identical and indisting. from F. hepatica
How is F. buski transmitted? What happens then?: Metacircs hanging out on waterplants are ingested.

-Adults develop in SMALL intest.
-Ova shed in feces.
What types of symptoms are seen in Fasciolopsiasis?: -Epigastric pain
-Nausea
-Diarrhea
-NO LIVER SYMPTOMS
what are the two intestinal flukes other than fasciolopsis buski?: -Heterophyes heterophyes
-Metagonimus yokagawai
Where are H. heterophyes and Metagonimus yokagawai found? What are their hosts? -Defin and -Intermed: -Far East, Egypt, Middle East

-Humans and Fish-eating mammals
-Freshwater fish
What are H. heterophyes and Metagonimus yokagawai v. similar to?: Clinorchis sinensis
-different b/c the metacircariae larvae don't go to the liver via the bile duct; adults just develop in the sm. intestine.
When do H. heterophyes and Metagonimus yokagawai cause symptoms, and what?: In heavy infections only - abdominal pain and diarrhea.
How are H. heterophyes and Metagonimus yokagawai -diagnosed -prevented: Diagnosed: ova in stool
Prevented: cook fish well
What is the pulmonary fluke? What is its infection called? (2 things): Paragonimus westermani

-Paragonimiasis
-Pulmonary distomiasis
What is the common name for Paragonimus westermani? Where is it found?: Oriental lung fluke

Far East
What are P. westermani's hosts? -Definitive -Intermediate: Defin: Humans and other mammals

Intermed: Freshwater crabs
Length of P. westermani adult: Size of ova:: Adult = 10mm

ova = 85 x 55u
Cite 2 unique characteristics of P. westermani ova:: -Instead of at narrow end, the OPERCULUM is at the wide end.
-Ova are yellow-brown naturally.
How does P. westermani infect humans?: the metacircariae larvae get into crabs of all things; then they are ingested, from intest to lungs where Adults develop; Ova are passed in SPUTUM.
why would you see P. westermani in a stool sample?: if you swallowed the sputum and pooped it out.
what 3 symptoms are seen in paragonimiasis, and what can they be confused as?: -Blood-stained sputum
-Pleural pain
-Fever

Strep pneumoniae
How is paragonimiasis diagnosed and prevented?: Diagn: ova in SPUTUM

Prevent: cook crabs well
what is the blood fluke genus name? what is its old name?: Schistosoma

Bilharzia
what three schistosoma species are parasites in humankind? where is each found?: -Mansoni - Africa and S. america
-Japonicum - Far east
Hematobium - Africa
What are the hosts of Schistos? -Defin -Intermed: Defin: Humans and mammals
Intermed: Snails
How long is a Schistosoma adult? What are the components of it? Characteristics?: 0.6-2.5 cm
-Male gynecophroic canal
-Female lies within the canal
-Not hermaphroditic.
How long are the ova? -S. mansoni -S. japonicum -S. hematobium: Mansoni & hematobium = 150u
Japonicum = 100u
Match the spines w/ the species: -Lateral spine -Rudimentary spine -Terminal spine: Lat = Mansoni - like a shark
Rudi = Japonicum - kinda dumb
Termin = Hematobium - like a dacrocyte
What stages of the fluke larva exist, and which is infectious?: -Miracidium
-Sporocyst
-Redia
-Cercaria --> infectious
How long is the Cercaria? What 2 features help it infect?: 300u
Cilia help it move
Forked tail helps it propel
What are the 3 stages of Schistosoma infection?: 1. Developmental
2. Oviposition/extrusion of ova
3. Proliferation and repair
What occurs in the Developmental period? Symptoms?: Cercariae larva penetrate the skin and Adults form
-Mild allergic rxn at pntrn pnt.
What occurs in the oviposition/extrusion stage? Symptoms?: Ova are laid/penetrate blood vessels.
-Inflammatory Rxn: Immune complexes form, granulomas and fibrous tissue buildup.
What happens during proliferation and repair?: Scar tissue forms and occludes the blood vessel.
What 2 names denote diseases caused by Schistosoma mansoni?: -Intestinal bilharziasis
-Schistosomal dysentary
What 2 names denote diseases caused by Schistosoma japonicum?: -Oriental schistosomiasis
-Katayama disease
What 3 names denote diseases caused by Schistosoma hematobium?: -Schistosomal hematuria
-Urinary bilharziasis
-Vesical schistosomiasis
What are symptoms of infections of S. mansoni/japonicum?: -Malaise, fever
-Abdominal pain, weight loss
-BLOATED BELLy
What symptoms are seen in infections of S. hematobium?: Hematuria
Fever
Malaise
Suprapubic pain
Dysuria
How are Schistosomal infections diagnosed? How can all 3 be prevented?: -S. japonicum/mansoni: ova in stool
-S. hematobium: ova in urine
-To prevent: don't go in contaminated water.
What does Schistosomal dermatitis cause? What animals do the parasites come from?: Swimmer's and Clamdigger's itch.

From Avian/Mammalian Schistosomes pooping in water.
What are symptoms of Swim. Itch? How is it treated? How is it prevented?: Itchy rash
Antihistamine lotion
Towel dry vigorously
What are 4 classes of Arthropods and what type of "infection" do they cause?: Crustacians, Chilopoda, Arachnida, Insecta

"Infestation"
What are 2 Crustaceans? 1 Chilopoda?: -Crabs and Crayfish

-Centipedes
3 species of Arachnida:: Spiders
Ticks
Mites aka Scabies
What 3 infections do ticks transmit?: -Borrellia
-Rhicketts
-Babesiosis
What are the 3 types of lice?: Pediculus humanus var. capitis
Pediculus humanus var. corporis
Phthirus pubis
What's the last really gross type of Arthropoda? Where is it found? What does it do?: Myiasis --> Botflies
-South America
-Burrows under skin and might come crawling out :s

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