Test #2 PPS- Effects of Poverty on Children
Terms
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- Central Notion: Disadvantages comes in packages
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Bad neighborhoods; less effective schools; single parenting; young parents; poor nutrition
How isolate the effects of family poverty on child development independent of other forms of disadvantage (is money enough?)
Multiple causes of risk, poverty is just one
The use of statistical control - What is a longitudinal study?
- What is a longitudinal study? Follows an individual over a length of time to measure an outcome; nothing is manipulated
- What are the 3 criteria to assess cause-and-effect relations?
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1. A correlation must exist
2. The cause must precede the effect
3. The effect is not caused by a 3rd variable - Whatl causal criteria do longitudinal studies address?
- Correlation, cause before effect, no confounding variables
- 3rd Variable Solutions
- Random assignment will theoretically result in equal distribution of third group variables
- Relative size of the effects of poverty on physical health outcomes
- Twicethe likelihood of being low BW; 3.5X more likely to have lead poisoning; 2X infant mortality; 2X the stunting; 2X the hospital stays
- Relative size of the effects of poverty on cognitive outcomes
- 1.3 times more likely to have a developmental delay or learning disability
- Relative size of the effects of poverty on school academic outcomes
- 2X more likely to repeat a grade, be suspended or expelled, or drop out of high school
- Relative size of the effects of poverty on emotional and behavior outcomes
- More likely to suffer problems lasting over 3 months and half as likely to be treated for those problems
- Relatize size of effects of poverty on adult adjustment outcomes
- 9X more likely to be hungry as an adults; 2X morelikely not to be working or in school at age 24; 3X more likly to have teen pregnancy
- Other important faceuts of poverty
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Duration, depth, timing in terms of age of child
Effects on child may be: broad v. narrow, immediate v. delayed; short-term v. persistance - Central Notion: the intergeneration tranmission (cycle) of poverty
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Passing on poverty to successive generations
Why?
Welfare as a lifestyle
Low expecations
Difficult to get out of poverty
Tend to be young, single parents
School drop-outs
Bad neighborhood
Bad parenting
Less effective schools