Neoplastic Disorders
Terms
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- history and physical
- first step in diagnostic process, wt loss, weakness, fatigue, CNS alterations, pain, hematologic and metabolic alterations, early stages often have non specific complaints
- M phase
- mitosis(cell division) occurs; lasts from minutes to few hours
- classification
- named according to tissue from which it arises
- Cured
- no evidence of disease and same life expectancy as a person who never had CA
- lymph
- lymph vessels
- Secondary prevention
- early detection; self exams; regular check ups
- Predisposing Factors
- Age, geographic location, occupation, heredity, diet, stress, precancerous lesions
- Stages of Carcinogensis
- Initiation, Promotion, Progression
- Benign neoplasm
- usually harmless; doesn't spread or invade other tissue
- Antigen skin testing
- assess immune system
- Staging and Grading tumors
- define tumor extent by: prinary tumor charactoristics, lymph node involvement, evidence of metastasis
- Primary prevention
- education of risk factors; behavior/dietary modification
- Psychosocial impact
- anxiety and depression most common
- Viruses
- DNA that can transform normal cells into malignant cells; cervical CA
- Differentiation
- genetically identical cells assume same function ie:muscle cell
- Neoplasm
- abnormal new growth, or formation of tissue that serves no useful purpose and may harm host organism
- G-2 phase
- biochemical processes occur in preparation for mitosis; lasts few hours
- hemang
- blood vessels
- Financial impact
- expensive; may discontinue medical coverage
- Age
- >65; some occur at certain age such as early adulthood or childhood
- TNM system
- T: tumor, primary tumor characteristics(size) T0-Tis (capsulated) - T4; N= nodes: lymph node involvement; N0-N3, M= metastasis: evidence of met, M0-M1
- Carcinogens
- substances that when introduced into the cell causes changes in the structure and function of the cell that lead to CA, radiation, viruses, chemical agents
- Stage 1 of Metastasis
- invasion into surrounding tissue and penetration of blood or lymph vessels (breast CA)
- Immunity theory
- Cancer cells continually form within the body, immune system destroys, breakdown of immune system allows cancer cells to reproduce, cancer risk 80 times greater in transplantation clients, AIDS clients have increased incidence of CA
- G-0 phase
- resting phase until enviornmental stimulus triggers G-1 phase
- Chemical agents
- tobacco, workplace exposure
- Epidemiology
- study of the disitribution and determinants of diseases and health problems in specific populations
- Stage 2 of metastasis
- spread via lymph, blood or direct expansion
- Relative survival rate
- 5 yr survival marker; decreased probability that condition will recur or spread
- blood studies
- tumor markers such as PSA or CEA
- Progression
- morphologic and phenotypic changes in cells associated with increased malignant behavior leading to invasion of surrounding tissue and metastasis to distant body parts
- Tumor grading
- I: well differentiated; minimal deviatin from normal cells, II, III, IV: poorly differentiated; most aberrant( abnormal) when compared to normal cells
- Ecomonmy impact
- technology expensive; loss of productivity
- Cell cycle impoartance
- slow cell cycle: longer for tumor ID, short cell cycle: more sensitive to chemo
- Angiography
- outlines blood supply of tumor and surrounding structures
- Malignant neoplasm
- harmful tumor, capable of spread and invasion of other tissues far removed from the site of orgin
- Normal Cell Cycle
- carefully controlled; as cell dies, new one produced, no overproduction; 2 daughter cells
- Diagnosis for CA
- client afraid and anxious, must be honest, must be able to discuss dx, tx, care, expected outcomes
- Radioisotope scans
- track radioisotope such as thryroid, bone, brain, liver, lung, spleen, inject with isotope
- Radiation
- more than 80% from natural sources
- S phase
- DNA and chromosome protein synthesis; lasts 6-8 hrs
- Geographic location
- environmental factors such as diet, sun exposure
- Incidence rate
- number of new cases occuring in a given population at risk during a specific time
- Promotion
- second factor (tobacco, alcohol, dietary fat) acts on initiated cell causing changes in DNA
- Diagnostic tests
- xray, radioisotope scans, CT(w/contrast), mammography, angiography, blood studies, cytologic exam, biopsy, ultrasound, direct visualization, MRI, antigen skin testing
- stress
- Chronic stress may induce immunologic changes
- oma
- tumor
- Characteristics of normal cells
- cell cycle, differentiation, contact inhibition
- Cancer
- uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells
- aden
- gland tissue
- Cell cycle
- G-0 phase, G-1 phase, S phase, G-2 phase, M phase
- neur
- nerve tissue
- Stage 3 of metastasis
- establishment and growth at secondary site ex) colon CA to brain tumor
- Occupation
- contact with specific carcinogens such as asbestos with lung CA
- Physical impact
- disfigurement; sequelae of tx
- Initiation
- DNA damaged by chemical, physical, biologic agents; may not immediately lead to CA, but cells more susceptable to progress to malignancy
- G-1 phase
- RNA and protein synthesis; time frame varies
- Contact inhibition
- contact with another cell allows growth in a single layer until edge is reached
- Mortality rate
- number of deaths that occur in population at risk in a specific period