child pyschology chpt 12
Terms
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- Rejected-aggressive children
- see and interpret events as threatening and therefore react aggressively. A bump in the hallway is seen as intentional.
- Stable positive stepfamily relationships benefit children
- Improves academic achievement and psychological well-being,Often improves financial situation
- Protective factors
- friends, church, support.
- Firm ideas about gender
- Boys show more physical aggression , Girls show more relational aggression
- Some positive outcomes
- Reduction of conflict in home, Closer relationships with parents, Development of social responsibility, empathy and competence (closer relationship with parents.) (a little bit is good, to much mess then up. Parentification. )
- 5th grade (bf)
- intimacy to relate to best friends
- Genetic predisposition
- predicts long-term behavior
- Stressor
- parent fighting and split out, lack of money, moving from one parent to the other. (Specific issue if the children temperament.)
- TV's positive effects
- Watching educational programs such as Sesame Street is associated with helping, sharing, using imagination, offering comfort, and cooperating, mostly for children under 7 from upper-middle income homes. (this outcomes are larger when parent watch with the kids, and fallow with an activity.
- 3 factor contribute to positive outcomes, in resilient children's.
- pleasant personality , average or above average iq, at least one positive relationship with a family member or adult at school at church
- aggression
- according to research , children who are aggressive at age 8 are more likely to convicted of criminal offensive later on life. ( role model family member can be strong influence controlling other family members aggressive behavior. )
- two thing a parent does to help a kid
- praise effort, and encourage and praise for seeking new challenges.
- Challenges as well in stepfamilies
- Stepparent may be less involved with non-biological children ( decrease sense of parental responsibility for non biological parent).Competition between children and stepparent ( more people in the family mean adjusting the time spend with each)
- Self-evaluations
- The judgments people make about themselves ( this is were social compare starts, now that we know what we are, we compare those qualities with others, and come to a conclusion of where we fix in.)
- Self-representations
- The ways people describe themselves (objective list of characteristics; high, weight)
- Positive portrayals of ethnic minorities
- has a positive impact on children's beliefs ( in other words it reduce stereotypes and makes a world a better place)
- Resilient Children
- ( negative condition are poverty, abusive parents, alcholics, unattended parent, low education) Those who succeed, achieve or otherwise have positive outcomes despite growing up in negative conditions.
- the ODD and CD
- Both conditions treated with counseling, behavior and family therapy, and prescription medication
- give honest feedback
- dont lie or exaggerate, talk about specific things, offer balanced, point out examples
- Grouping practices
- ( controversial approach to classroom structure, positive effect- help smart kids challenge their mind, but negative effect - they don't let then challenge themselves. ) the quality of teach in the low is not like the high. Ability grouping,Between-class grouping
- 8 grade (BF)
- loyalty, commitment, and having an honorable character
- Preference for games and activities
- have rules, Focus on acquiring and improving, physical skills ( they begin to feel how capable they are physically and seek to strength and improve their skills).
- Self-evaluations
- Become more realistic during middle childhood (in early childhood kids description of themselves, tend to be exaggeration of themselves, as a result they understand the real abilities vs. the one they like to have.)
- Peer rejection can lead to
- school failure, delinquency,substance abuse, depression, violence
- Families - Divorce
- two views of the cause of , negative outcome for family divorce. childrens - aggression, poor performance in school, depression.
- Classroom climate
- social and emotional condition of the classroom (Physical arrangement, Number of students in class)
- provide instruction and guidance to help you child improve
- make time to help, work with others, think creatively, make teaching interactions
- Small-to-moderate differences
- between kids from divorced and intact families
- Conduct disorder (CD)
- Consistent violation of other people's basic rights or breaking of society's rules ( to everyone not only authority figures, 2 to 9 percent of children, n must occurred consistenly for 12 months.)
- Divorce-stress-adjustment perspective
- divorce itself that destructive kids behavior (Emphasizes complex interaction of stressors, specific issues and protective factors determine individual child's adjustment)
- Factors that affect outcomes of divorce also affect children with never-married parents
- low income, less support from the biological father, fewer resources (children from divorce and single parent home suffer from same causes.)
- Achievement motivation
- The degree to which a person chooses to engage in and keep trying to accomplish challenging tasks. (High achievement motivation, seek new challenges and are persistence. (Low motivation- does only things they are good at.) (Research suggests that kids vary in achievement motivation because of their attributions)
- Emotional Development
- Everyone has their own emotions, Emotions are different from person to person, (Children begin to understand what appropriate behavior is, necessary for making friends and having healthy social interaction.)
- Behavioral
- Acting out (increase disobedience and decrease self control.
- Neglected
- receive very few of either kind ignored by classmates.
- early care-giving promotes a secure emotional attchment
- watch and listen to your child, learn to read your child cues, provide opportunitities, provide confort.
- Research estimates that a percentage of children are resilient
- 10%
- Children and Media, "television"
- 1/3 of children below age 8 have a TV in their room , 2/3 of children age 8 and up have a TV in their room, During middle childhood watch average of two to 3 hours a day. , time spend watching tv and playing video games is higher at age 13.
- Play in middle childhood
- more logical and less fantasy oriented. Organized sports ( advance play, kids and grown up become increasingly serious in their approach and plan for winning)
- Psychological
- Parentification ( pressure on the child to be more responsible . 2 types instrumental- house duties and taking care of sibling, emotional - verbal and compassioned support.
- Gender Differences
- (kids at this age tend to speech up when other kids act out of gender.)
- Intervention includes
- coaching, role-playing, direct instruction in social skills. ( the key is motivating children, to see the positive side of things and develop social skills that allow then to choose and make good friends.)
- Rejected
- large number of dislike votes, 2 kinds and negative bias:Rejected aggressive- physical and verbally aggressive., Rejected withdrawn- uncooperative and address and behave oddly.
- provide positive support and encouragement, outcomes may matter, but also stress effort and improvement
- praise a good outcome, support, help realistic goals, remind you child that she doesnt have to excel in everything
- Characteristics of teachers
- supported and affecte teacher style
- Social Cognition Model
- explain show children process social event
- Social comparison
- Comparison of own qualities and abilities to those of peers
- Self-esteem
- The feelings people have about themselves ( positive or negative emotional response to self evaluation.)
- emphasizes strenghts
- all children do some things well, remind them of their strenghts and offer specific examples of them.
- Average
- equal number of best likely and don't like, not a lot of each. Good social skills,
- bestfriend
- Closer, more exclusive relationship, Number of best friends increases until age 11, Rarely based on physical or shared personal characteristic.
- Selection model
- ( the personality of parents before and during the divorce that destructive the child behavior.) Emphasizes that certain characteristics of parents cause children's outcomes from divorce
- Controversial
- receive many best and least like, but are more aggressive than average kids.
- Helpless orientation
- Attribute success to external, uncontrollable factors (luck) and failure to internal stable factors (lack of ability). Teacher expectations and beliefs about themselves influence student achievement (teacher who believe in their student and encourage their development then to have better performance students.)
- 3 steps of social cognition model
- Process people in activities (observation), Interpret and form an opinion of the event, Choose and response to it.
- First grade (best friend)
- common activities, on why the person is her best friend
- Popular children
- see and interpret events as innocent and therefore respond positively.A bump in the hallway is seen as an accident
- Mastery orientation
- Attribute success to internal, controllable factors (hard work, ability) and failure to controllable or changeable factors (lack of effort, poor strategy)
- Conduct problems
- (destructive behavior that goes beyond of what is considerate normal ( frequency severity)
- Popular
- friendly , cooperate and not aggressive. ( most like votes)
- Attributions : Beliefs about why you succeed or fail
- ability, effort,luck, task difficulty, strategy use.
- Video Gaming
- Some skills gains (some video games, required reaction time, may improve the player fine motor ability.) May increase aggression, Like television...it can be good, but it can be violent, bad, etc.
- Increased ability in
- Controlling and regulating own emotions, Accurately reading other people's emotions ( children tend to like other kids who are happy, and know how to control their emotions).
- Peer rejection
- is a powerful force in children's lives ( can lead to negative social behavior, year later)
- Characteristics of students
- attention and engame
- popularity and research
- Researchers use peer nomination technique to measure social status in childhood, Children are asked to name the children in their class who they like best and who they like least
- Coercive Family environment
- Screaming, treat in frequency punishment, in result in high level of aggression in children's.
- In 2004, percentage of children born in US were born to mothers who were not married
- 36 %
- Oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)
- Repetitive pattern of defiance, disobedience and hostility ( authority figure, 6 to 10 percent of kids, characterized by excessive misbehavior for at least 6 months. )
- teach goal-setting skills
- help you child set specific and reasonable goals, help children develop and use a system for tracking progress