psych short answers
Terms
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- some factors of attraction
- similarity, proximity
- 1. Control in terms of the social cognitive approach to personality
- ability to have a meaningful say in our environment and what experiences we have. We often have better satisfaction with outcomes
- tripartite model of emotion
- physiology, appraisal, behavior
- personal abnormality
- personal distress, difference from how usuallly feel
- self-serving bias
- A bias toward explanations that make oneself seem better in some way. These often take the form of dispositional explanations for one's successes and situational explanations for one's failures
- Oral stage
- 0-18 months, all id, passive dependency
- Biopsychosocial model of psychopathology
- A perspective often taken in discussions of psychopathology, with the perspective including biological factors (e.g., genetics or hormonal influences), psychological factors (i.e., a style of thinking) and social factors (i.e., the presence of social support).
- Neuroticism
- (anxious vs. calm, insecure vs. secure, high-strung vs. content, self-pitying vs. content)
- phallic stage
- superego emerges, oedipal and electra complexes
- 3. Self- Control in terms of the social cognitive approach to personality
- Will power; self-discipline; all, "self-control" or "self-regulation"
- Bandura's 8 self exonerating mechanisms
- Moral justification, euphemistic labeling, advantagous comparison, displacement of responsibilty, diffusion of responsibilty, disregard or distortion of consequences, dehumanization, attribution of blame
- 5 compliance strategies
- norm of reciprocity, foot-in-the-door techniqe, low balling, door-in-the-face technique, "thats not all folks
- the 4 different forms of social inflence
- modeling, conformity, compliance, obediance
- Extraversion
- (sociable vs. withdrawn, fun-loving vs. sober, affectionate vs. reserved, friendly vs. aloof)
- factors that effect majority influences
- size of majority, law of diminishing returns, normative focus, allys, gender differences, cultural differences
- Legal Abnormality
- based on ability to judge between right and wrong and ability to control one's behavior ('insane')
- psychosocial abnormality
- deviation from societal standards or norms
- Bandura told me
- michael jackson and elise levin attribute blame to adventure cove. they diss its dehumanizing consquences.
- Learning Model (Behaviorist) of psychopathology
- maladaptive learning, uses CC and operant conditioning
- factors that effect minority influences
- consistency, idiosyncracy credits, style
- statistical abnormality
- deviation from typical behavior of one's group. Ex: motor activity: too much may be ADHD or manic, too little depressed, comas
- fundamental attribution error
- the tendency to attribute behaviors to dispositional qualities while underrating the role of the situation
- foot-in-the-door
- start small with easy request, then give real, larger request
- 2. Attribution in terms of the social cognitive approach to personality
- ideas you attributes can be stable, unstable internal, external, global, or specific
- low balling
- get someone to agree, then reveal hidden costs
- 4 types of conformity
- public, private, normative, informational
- thats not all folks
- add apparent bonus or discount onto original request
- Know the three factors that are important to the social-cognitive approach to personality
- control attribtion, self control
- Source Effects
- Credibility, expertise, trustworthiness, attractiveness, likeability, power, similarity
- parts of the brain important for emotional expression
- right frontal lobe, parieto-temporal cortex
- Internal vs external attribution
- internal = it happened because of some characteristic of my own, External = it was because the situation I was in
- public conformity
- compliance and behavior change
- Diathesis stress model of psychopathology
- A conception of psychopathology that distinguishes factors that create a risk of illness (the diathesis) and then other factors that turn the risk into an actual problem (the stress).
- Anal stage
- 18 months - 3 years, ego emerges, refusal to make a mess
- central route to persuasion
- the process by which a person hthings careflly abot a message and is influenced by the argument strentgh. attending the message and the bearer and make decisions accordingly
- informational conformity
- we suspect others know better
- Latent stage
- psychosexual energy elsewhere
- norm of reciprocity
- a favor must be repaid
- social cognition
- How we perceive and think about ourselves and each other; how we process and make meaning about our encounters
- illusory correlations
- a perception that two facts or observations tend to occur together, even though they do not. ex; all accountents are inverted
- door-in-the-face
- start with a large request, then make a smaller one so it seems reasonable by comparison.
- social inhibition
- we perform worse in groups when others are around
- Big 5
- OCEAN
- conceptions of abnormality in terms of psychopathology
- statistical abnormality, psychosocial abnormailty, personal abnormality, legal abnormality
- private conformity
- attitude change
- mere presence effect
- we compete harder when others are nearby
- Erikson's stages
- 1. trust vs mistrust = hope 2. autonomy vs shame and doubt = will power 3. initiative vs guilt = purpose 4. industry vs inferiority = competence 5. identity vs role confusion = creation of new identity or fidelity to old identity (kind of)6. intimacy vs isolation = love 7. productivity vs stagnation = care 8. integrity vs dispair
- Target/Audience Effects
- Commitment to the issue, intelligence, need-for-cognition
- Cognitive Behavioral Model of psychopathology
- faulty thinking
- OCEAN
- Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, Neuroticism
- how is humanist view different from psychanalysis?
- more on choice and motivatin and self.
- Genital stage
- remergence of sex drive for appropriate sex object.
- peripheral route to persuasion
- the process by which a person does not think carefully about a message, but is influenced by superificial cues. context is important as well
- Agreeableness
- (good-natured vs. irritable, soft-hearted vs. ruthless, forgiving vs. vengeful, courteous vs. rude)
- Conscientiousness
- (conscientious vs. negligent, well-organized vs. disorganized, reliable vs. undependable, careful vs. careless
- different models of psychopathology
- psychodynamic model,learning model, cognitive behavioral model, diathesis stress model, biopsychosocial model
- Freud's stages of development
- oral, anal, phallic, latent, genital
- Stable vs Unstable Attribution
- stable = will persist, unstable = may change. (I did bad on this test, either "I will do bad on all tests" or "I can do better on the next text"
- Openness
- (original vs. conventional, imaginative vs. down-to-earth, broad interests vs. narrow interests, curious vs. incurious)
- what are the factors that currently maintain cultural steriotypes?
- illusory correlations, fundamental attribution error, actor-observer bias, self-fulfilling prophecy
- normative conformity
- we want to fit in
- what are the strong biases/attribution errors we tend to make?
- fundamental attribution error. actor-observer bias. outgroup homogeneity effect. self-serving bias.
- social loafing
- each man pulls less hard on a tug-o-war team than he would if it were man-on-man
- Global vs specific
- global = generally true, Specific = true for specific incidence
- Psychodynamic Model of psychopathology
- unconscious conflicts and defenses against anxiety, often rooted in early childhood experiences
- Message Effects
- Format (written vs. video), one-sided vs. two-sided, presentation order (when opposing sides are represented), length of message / complexity, emotion-based vs. logically based, message discrepancy
- Group dynamics that influence individual performance
- mere presence effect, fear of competion, social loafing. also affected by our arousal levels and atttention