Sanitation words
Terms
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- Macrophage
- Phagocytosis;interleukin 1 that stimulates secretion of interleukin 2 by helper T cells and induces proliferation of B cells
- Killer T cell
- Lysis of foreign cells by lymphotoxins & release of various lymphokines that recruit & intensify killer T cell actions
- Helper T cell
- Cooperates w/B cells to amplify antibody production by plasma cells & secrete interleukin 2, which stimulates proliferation of killer T cells
- Suppressor T cell
- Inhibits secretion of injurious substances by killer T cells & inhibits antibody production by plasma cells
- Delayed hypersensitivity T cell
- Secretes macrophage activating factor and migration inhibition factor, key substances related to hypersensitivity (allergy)
- Amplifier T cell
- Stimulates helper T cells, suppressor T cells, and B cells to exaggerated levels of activity
- Memory T cell
- Remains in lymphoid tissue & recognizes original invading antigens, even years after infection
- Natural killer (NK) cell
- Lymphocyte that destroys foreign cells by lysis and produces interferon
- B cell
- Differentiates into antibody-producing plasma cell
- Plasma cell
- Descendant of B cell that produces antibodies
- Memory B cell
- Ready to respond more rapidly and forcefully than initially should the same antigen challenge the body in the future
- Naturally acquired active immunity
- Antigen recogniation by B cells & T cells & costimulation lead to antibody-secreting plasma cells, cytotoxic T cells, & B & T memory cells
- Naturally acquired passive immunity
- Transfer of IgG antibodies from mother to fetus across placenta, or of IgA antibodies from mother to baby in mild during breast-feeding
- Artificially acquired active immunity
- Antigens introduced furing a vaccination stimulate cell-mediated and antibody-mediated immune responses, leading to production of memory cells. The antigens are pretreated to be immunogenic but not pathogenic; that is, they will trigger an immune response but not cause significant illness
- Artivicially acquired passive immunity
- Intravenous injection of immunoglobulins
- List some examples of non-specific resistance
-
Intact skin
Mucous membranes
Mucus
Hairs
Cilia
Lacrimal apparatus
Saliva
Epiglottis
Urine
Gastric juice
Acid pH of skin
Unsaturated fatty acids
Lysozyme - List the skin & mucous membranes
-
Intact skin
Mucous membranes
Mucus
Hairs
Cilia - List the Nonspecific resistance Chemical factors
-
Gastric juice
Acid pH of skin
Unsaturated fatty acids
Lysozyme - List the Antimicrobial substances
-
Interferon IFN
Complement
Properdin
Phagocytosis
Inflamation
Fever - Antibody
- Protein produced in the blood of vertebrates following exposure to an antigen
- Only IgG is able to cross the placenta to provide maternal innunity
- True
- IgM & IgG are typically produced sequentially in response to microparasitic infections
- True
- Antigen
- A protein, typically foreign, that elicits a specific immune response
- Endemic
- Levels of infection which do not exhibit wide fluctuations through time in a defined place
- Stable endemicity is where the incidence of infection or disease shows no secular trend for increase or decrease
- True
- Endemic fadeout
- Parasite extinction occurring because endemic levels are so low that is is possile for small stochastic fluctuations to remove all parasites.
- Epidemic fadeout
- Parasite extinction occurring because nubers are so low immediately following an epidemic that isis possible for small stochastic fluctuations to remove all parasites.
- Herd Immunity
- Remainder of population is immune, so transmission is reduced.
- Immunity
- 1. State in which a host is not susceptible to infection or disease or 2. the michanisms by which this is achieved.
- Immunity is achieved by an individual through 3 routes: Natural/innate, Acquired after contact, artificial after a vaccination.
- True
- Artificial immunity is also referred to as specific immunity, resistance, or specific resistance.
- True
- Specific immunity has two divisions: Cellular & humoral
- True
- Specific/cellular immunity is acting via the direct involvement of T cells
- True
- Humoral immunity involves antibodies & B cells
- True