Developmental Psychology 2
Terms
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- Germinal Period
- First 2 weeks of conception. Creation of zygote, cell division, attachment of zygote to uterine wall.
- Blastocyst
- Inner layer of cells that develops during germinal period. These cells later develop into embryo.
- Throphoblast
- Outer layer of cells, later provides nutrition and support for embryo.
- Embryonic Period
- 2-8 weeks after conception. Intense cell division, support system for cells & organs appear. Zygote attaches to uterine wall, now is an embryo.
- Endoderm
- Inner layer of cells, becomes digestive and respiratory systems.
- Mesoderm
- Middle later of cells, forms during embryonic period. Becomes circulatory system, bones, muscles, excretory system, and reproductive ststem.
- Ectoderm
- Outer most layer of cells, created during embryonic period. Becomes the nervous system, sensory receptors (ears, nose, eyes) and skin parts (hair and nails).
- Placenta
- One of the life support systems. Disk shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from mother and offspring intertwine.
- Umbilical Cord
- One of the life support systems. Contains 2 arteries and one vein that connects the baby to the placenta. Oxygen, water, salt, and food from mother's blood pass back and forth.
- Amnion
- One of the life support systems. Bag that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.
- Organogenesis
- Organ formation that takes place during the first 2 months of prenatal development.
- 3 Stages of Prenatal Development
- Germinal (0-2 weeks) Embryonic (2-8 weeks) Fetal (2-7 months)
- Low-birthweight Infants
- Weighs less than 5.5 lbs. at birth. 2 kinds: preterm infants & small for date infants.
- Theory
- Interrelated, coherent set of ideas that helps to explain and make predictions
- Hypotheses
- Specific assumptions and predictions that can be tested to determine accuracy.
- Steps to Scientific Method
- 1. Conceptualize a process/problem to be studied 2. Collect research info (data) 3. Analyze data 4. Draw conclusions
- Ethological Theories
- Behavior is strongly influences by biology, is tied to evolution, and characterized by critical/sensitive periods. Certain experiences influence individuals well beyond the time they occur.
- Eclectic Theoretical Orientation
- Orientation that does not follow any one theoretical approach, but rather selects from each theory whatever is considered the best in it.
- Biological Processes
- Changes in individuals physical nature: genes, height/weight gain
- Cognitive Processes
- Changes in individual's thought, intelligence, or language.
- Socioemotional Processes
- Changes in an individuals relationships with others, emotions, and personality
- Infant Reflexes (4)
- Sucking, Rooting-turn head to touch, Moro-startle response, grasping
- Dynamic Systems Theory
- Perspective on motor development in infancy that seeks to explain how motor behaviors are assembled for for percieving and acting. Esther Thelen-perception and action work together/mastery through adaptation.
- Intermodal Perception
- Ability to relate and integrate information about 2 or more sensory modalities (vision or hearing). Ex-infants pay more attention to picture in sync with sound than not.
- Perceptual-motor Coupling
- Esther Thelen- individuals perceive in order to move and move in order to perceive. Ex-attractive object, infants must perceive current state of body and learn how to use limbs to get object.
- 6 Substages of Sensorimotor Stage
- 1. Simple reflexes 2. First habits & primary circular reations 3. Secondary circular reactions 4. Coordination of secondary circular reactions 5. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty, and curiosity 6. Internalization of schemes
- Primary Circular Reaction
- Based on attempt to reproduce interesting/pleasurable event that initially occured by chance. Ex-accidentally sucking on fingers, later on it becomes intentional.
- Object Permanence
- Understanding that objects and events continue to exist even when they cannot directily be seen, heard, or touched.
- Telegraphic Speech
- Short, precise words to communicate, young children two and three word utterances characteristically are telegraphic.
- Language Aquisition Device (LAD)
- Infants are born with a biological endowment that enables the child to detect certain language categories: phonology, syntax, and semantics. Evidence: universal milestones.
- Infant-Directed Speech
- High pitch "baby talk. Designed to communicate with infants, and encourage their language development.