child development 2
Terms
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- amniotic sac
- fluid-filled, transparent protective membrane surrounding the fetus
- teratogen
- any environmental agent that can cause deviations in prenatal development. Consequences may range from behvioral problems to death. alchol drugs toxin etc.
- apgar scale
- measures five vital signs: heart rate, respiratory effort, muscle tone, reflex responsivity and color. Each vila sign is scored 0,1, or 2 based on the criteria described in chart
- toxoplasmosis
- cause by a parasit found in mayn mammals and birds. Humans come into contact with it in cat litter or eating raw or uncooked meat
- thalidomide
- med given for morning sickness and reducing anxiety. Deformaties of the limbs, depending on time of exposure, often accompanied by mental retardation
- Fetal Alcohol syndrome
- exhibit retardation or learning difficulties along with other behavioral problems one in every one hundred births in the US displays FAS
- brain lateralization
- Process by which one hemisphere of the brain comes to dominat the other, for example, processing of language in the left hemisphere or of spatial information in the right hemisphere.
- rhythmical stereotypies
- Repeated sequences of movements, such as leg kicking, hand waving, or head banging, that havae not apparent goal.
- placenta
- support organ formed by cells form both blastocyst and uterine lining; serves as exchange site for oxygen, nutrients, and waste product.
- Plasticity of the brain
- the ability for the brain and individual neurons within those regions, to take on different functions as a result of experience.
- Cephalocaudal development
- Pattern in which organs, sytems, and motor movements near the head tend to develop earlier tan those near the feet
- concordance rate
- Percentage of pairs of twins in which both members have a a specific trait identifies in one twin
- Heritability
- Proportion of variability in the phenotype that is estimated to be accounted for by genetic influences within a known environmental range.
- dizygotic twins
- fraternal twins two eggs one sperm
- Prader-Willi
- display among other physical and behavioral characteristic, short stature, obesity, and mild to moderate mental retardation
- homozygous
- genotype in which tow alleles of gene are identical, thus having the same effects on a trait
- heterozygous
- genotype in which tow alleles of a gene are different. The effects on a trait will depend on how the two alleles interact
- genotype
- total genetic endowment inherited by an individual
- phenotype
- observable and measurable characteristics and traits of an indiviual; aproduct of the interaction of the genotype with the environment
- gene expression
- Large segment of nucleotides within a chromosome that codes for the production of proteins and enzymes underlie traits and characteristics inherited from one generation to the next.
- allele
- alternate form of a specific gene; provides a genetic basis for many individual differences.
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chromosomal abnormalities
Angelman Syndrome - display disturbances in gait suggestive of marionette like movements, epilepsy and more sever learning difficulties, including minimal or no speech
- Williams Syndrome
- Dominant genetic dosorder involving the deletion of a set of genes that result in affected individuals typically having a strong social orientation, good musical ability, and some unusual capabilities; accompanied by mental retardation and severe deficits in numerical and spatial ability.
- cystic fibrosis
- thickening of the mucus lining in the respiratory tract that interferes with breathing. common autosomal recessive disorder. dominant recessive relationship between alleles.
- sickle cell Disease
- a genetic blood disorder common in regions of Africa and other areas where malaria is found and among descendents of the people of these region. Abnormal blood cells carry insufficient oxygen
- canalization
- concept that the development of some attributes is governed primarily by the genotype and only extreme environmental conditions will alter the phenotypic pattern for these attributes.
- range of reaction
- Range of phenotypic differences possible as a result of different environments interacting with a specific genotype
- passive links
- correlation between genotype and environment is labeled as passive, because it has been created for the child by the parents
- evocative links
- occurs when aspects of the environment, particularly other people, support or encourage behaviors that may have a genetic component; that is, other people's behavior occurs in response to or is evoked by the gehild's genotype.