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- dark matter
- unseen & unidentified matter that is evident by its gravitational pull on stars in the galaxies (25% of universe)
- Living things are composed primarily of 5 elements:
- Oxygen, Carbon, Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Calcium
- atomic number
- the number of protons in an atom
- noble gases
- atoms with outer shell filled to capacity
- Elements can have up to ___ shells
- 7 (1st shell = 2 electrons, 2nd is 8 electrons, etc)
- Quantum mechanics
- the theory of the small-scale world that includes predicted wave properties of matter
- isotope
- atoms of the same element but with different number of neutrons
- Isotopes of an element have the same number of ____
- electrons: so, for most part, they behave identically
- We identify isotopes by their ____ (&def?)
- mass number --> total number of protons and neutrons in the nucleus
- atomic mass
- total mass of an atom (protons, electrons, neutrons)
- atomic mass unit (amu)
- unit of mass for atoms because atoms are so small
- compound (ex)
- a pure chemical material that consists of more than one kind of atom (i.e. water, ammonia, methane)
- mixture
- substance mixed together without chemically bonding
- molecule
- consists of 2 or more atoms held together by the sharing of electrons "covalently bonded" (i.e. oxygen)
- ____ is required to pull molecules apart
- energy
- chemical reaction
- any process in which atoms rearrange to form different molecules
- antimatter
- composed of atoms with negative nuclei & positive electrons (positrons)
- What happens when antimatter & matter meet?
- they annihilate each other, then most matter is converted to radiant energy (100% mass conversion)
- Brownian Motion
- the perpetual jiggling/moving of particles [collision between particles and atoms]
- Characteristics of Atoms
- Atoms are numerous; Always moving; Ageless (we recycle atoms)
- Nearly all the mass of an atom is concentrated in:
- the atomic nucleus (nucleus = very dense)
- nucleon
- Principle building block of the nucleus. Composed of particles called "quarks"
- ____ contribute very little mass to the atom
- electrons (they are very light)
- element
- a substance hat is composed of atoms of the same kind
- The lightest element? 2nd lightest?
- Hydrogen (most abundant), Helium