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- The conversion of soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin requires its enzymatic conversion directly by a substance known as
- thrombin
- The left ventricle wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to
- pump blood with great pressure
- Thrombopoietin is a hormone that
- stimulates platelet formation
- The term afterload term refers to?
- The pressure that must be overcome before seminular valves can open.
- Name the correct sequence of parts through wich blood flows from the vena cave to the lungs.
- right atrium, triscupid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary artery.
- the first heart sound is caused by
- closure of the mitral and tricuspid valves.
- The percentage of total blood volume occupied by RBC's is called
- hematocrit
- Formed elements that are biconcave discs about 78mm in diameter are called
- erythrocytes
- The formed elements that are fragments of larger cells called megakyrocytes are
- thrombocytes
- Production of histaminase is an important function of
- basophils
- On an ECG, depolarization of the ventricles is represented by the
- QRS complex
- Too few white blood cells is called
- leukopenis
- Agranular leukocytes that are phagocytic are the
- monocytes/macrophages
- The function of transferin is to
- carry Iron ions in the blood stream
- Dissolution of blood clot is called
- fibrinolysis
- The function of hemoglobin is to
- carry oxygen
- pluripotent stem cells produce
- basophils, thrombocytes, neutrophils, & lymphocytes.
- A vitamin important for blood clotting is
- K
- A clot in an unbroken vessel is called
- thrombosis
- The second heart sound is created by
- closing of the seminular valves
- The fossa ovalis is a prominent depression seen in the
- interatrial septum
- Type AB blood contains
- neither antinody B or A
- The most abundant of the leukocytes are the
- neutrophils
- When carbon dioxide is carried by RBC's, it is carried in part by
- the amino acids in globin
- Oxygen is transported by red blood cells by binding to
- the iron ion in the heme portion of hemoglobin
- red blood cells do not consume any of the oxygen they transported because they
- do not have the cellular machinery for aerobic ATP production
- The buffy coat of the centrifuged blood consists mainly of
- white blood cells and platelets
- the breakdown product of ring structure in heme is?
- bilirubin
- Sequence of parts that function to carry cardiac impulses is?
- SA node, AV node, bundle of his, right and left bundle branches, purkinje fibers.
- The AV valves open when
- when the ventricular pressure falls below atrial pressure
- Once ventricular pressure falls below artrial pressure
- AV valves open and the ventricles begin to fill
- The primary organs whose macrophages are responsible for phagocytizing worn-out red blood cells are
- Spleen and Liver
- The biscupid valve is located in the
- left atrium and the left ventricle
- Stimuation of the heart by autonomic neve fibers traveling with the vagus nerve causes
- Decreased heart rate and decreased ventricular contractility
- A floating blood clot is called an
- Embolus
- The purpose of giving RhoGAm to woman who have just delivered a child or who have had a miscarriege or abortion is to
- Block any recognition to any red blood cells by the mothers immune system
- On ECG, depolarization of the atria is represented by the
- P wave
- Blood flows from the superior vena cava into the
- right atrium
- Cardiac output
- SV x HR
- Growth factors that regulate teh differentiation and profileration of red blood cells are called
- Erythropoietin
- Type A blood has an antibody called
- ANTI-B
- Destruction od red blood cells results in
- Anemia
- A person's ABO blood type is determined by antigens present in the
- Erythrocytes
- THe atrioventricular valves close when the
- ventricles contract
- Blood flows into the coronary arteries from the
- Ascending aorta
- Type O is considered to be the theoretical universal
- Donor because ther are no A or B antigens on RBC's
- Th efunction of intercalated discs is to
- Provide a mechanism for rapid conduction of action potentials among myofibers
- the layer of the heart wall responsible for its pumping action is the
- Myocardium
- the role of the papillary muscles is to
- Tighten the chordae tendineae by contracting during ventricular systole
- Which blood type is called the universal donor
- O
- The frank sterling law of the heart stated that
- Cardiac output equals heart rate times stroke volume
- Inflammed tissues attract phagocytes by a phenomenom called
- Chemotaxis
- Erythropoietin is synthesized by the
- Kidneys
- the symptoms of hemolytic disease of the newborn occur because
- Anti-R antibodies produced by the mother pass the placenta into the bloodstream of the fetus
- The function of the chordea tendineae is to
- prevent eversion of the AV valves during ventricular systole
- Red blood cells do not consume any of the oxygen they transport because
- They do not have the cellular machinery for aerobic ATP production
- Oxygen is transported by the red blood cells by binding to?
- the iron in the heme portion of the hemoglobin
- When carbon dioxide is carried by the red blood cells it is carried in part by?
- The amino acids in globin
- Which component of bile aids in fat digestion?
- Bile salts
- Which of the following enzyme is produced by the brush border in the small intestine?
- Maltase
- True or False? CCK promotes bile release from the gall bladder.
- True
- The function of the gallbladder
- stores and concentrates bile
- Which of the following peritoneal membranes anchor the small intestine to the posterior abdominal walls?
- Mesentery
- True or False? Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system inhibits motility of the digestive tract.
- False
- Which of the following cells in the stomach produce HCl?
- Parietal Cells
- Which of the following enzymes digests proteins?
- Pepsin
- Which of the following functions is true for Secretin?
- Increases bile production by the liver
- The folds within the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption are
- Villi
- Name the correct tubing order of food movement
- ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum
- During swallowing the nasal cavity is closed off by the soft palate and the
- uvula
- most absorption of nutrients occurs where?
- small intestine
- What is gluconeogenesis? It is concerned with the.....
- ability of the liver to form glucose from non-carbohydrate substances
- What molecule enters lacteals of the villi
- chylomicrons
- increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system will?
- decrease production of digestive juices
- the appendix is attached to the?
- cecum
- which molecule is transported into blood vessels within the villi?
- glucose and amino acids
- Enzymes of the Krebs cycle and electron transport chain are located in the
- mitochondria
- The stomach primarly digests
- proteins
- The enzyme in the inner mitochondrial membrane that carries electrons from NADH and FADH2 are:
- cytochrome oxidase
- Lactic acid is produced as a result of the chemical conversion of the?
- pyruvic acid
- Which of the fallowing could be anaerobic? a)lipolysis b)respiration c)glycolysis d)electron transport chain e)Krebs cycle
- glycolysis
- Starting with the oropharnyx name the correct tubing which food fallows when swallowed....
- oropharynx, laryngopharynx, esophagus, stomach, pyloric valve
- CCK promotes bile release from the gall bladder. True or False?
- True
- The gallbladder does what?
- stores and concentrates bile
- Which peritoneal membranes anchor the small intestine to the posterior abdominal walls?
- Mesentery
- Activation of the parasympathetic nervous system inhibits motility of the digestive tract. True or false?
- false
- Which cells in the stomach produce HCl?
- Parietal Cells
- Which enzyme digests proteins?
- pepsin
- Secretin function is to?
- Increases bile production by the liver
- The folds within the small intestine that increase the surface area for absorption is?
- Villi
- Which vitamin helps in the process of blood clotting?
- K
- What is not considered a nutrient?
- Nucleic acids
- Which reactions occur in the mitochondria?
- Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain
- Which lipoproteins contain dietary or exogenous fats?
- Chylomicrons
- How many ATPs are generated per glucose (that is for 2 acetyl CoA) by oxidative phosphorylation during the Krebs cycle? Also include the Preparatory/Intermediate step.
- 28
- What is the net production of ATP by substrate level phosphorylation during glycolysis?
- 2
- The process of synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources is called
- Gluconeogenesis
- Which are catabolized by the process of beta oxidation?
- Fatty acids
- The buffy coat of centrifuged blood consists mainly of
- white blood cells and platelets.
- The total blood volume occupied by RBCs is called the
- hematocrit.
- Define Spirometry.
- it is a machine that measures the air flow in and out of the lung.
- When red blood cells wear out, the iron is saved and the remainder of the hemoglobin is
- excreted as bile pigments.
- The major stimulus for secretion for secretin is?
- enty of acid chyme into the small intestine
- Pyruvate is converted into_________before it enters Krebs Cycle
- acetyl CoA
- Glycogenesis is?
- The process of glycogen formation
- In the electron transport chain, ATP is produced when?
- Hydrogen ions move back into the matrix via ATP sysnthesis
- Specific disaccharides are hydrolyzed by enzyme found in
- intestinal juice
- The intestinal enzyme that functions to digest fat is
- lipase
- Beta oxidation is the process by which .....
- fatty acids are broken down for use in the Krebs Cycle.
- The chemical reactions catalyzed bytrypsin and chymotrypsin would result in the production of
- peptides
- The function of secretin is
- it stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate
- The function of CCK is
- CCk promotes secretion of pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes
- What occurs during the cephalic phase of gastric digestion?
- sight, smell, thought, or taste of food triggers parasympathetic impulses
- The pyloric spinchter is located at the junction of the
- stomach and duodenum
- Gastric emptying is stimulated by
- CCK
- The small intestine is attached to the posterior aabdominal wall by a fold of the peritoneum called the
- mesentry
- What would be called an accessory organ for the digestive system
- pancreas
- Cholesterol is carried to tissue cells by
- low-density lipoproteins
- Which process requires OXYGEN?
- electron transport chain
- The function of BILE is
- to emulsify fats
- The folds of gastric mucosa are called what?
- rugae
- What hormone is produced by what cells of the pyloric portion of the stomach
- gastrin
- What enzyme has the lowest pH
- gastric juice
- The regular contractions of the muscularis that push food through the entire gastrointestinal tract are known as
- peristalsis
- The end products of the complete aerobic oxidation of glucose are
- carbon dioxide, water and energy
- What is the function of Kupffer cells in the liver?
- they clean out macrophages
- Where will blood flow next from the left ventricle?
- Aorta
- What blood vessels supplies blood to the heart?
- Anterior interventricular artery
- What returns deoxygenated blood from the cardiac muscles to the right atrium?
- Coronary sinus
- True or False Cardiac muscle is the only unstriated muscle with intercalated discs.
- False
- True or False Pulmonary arteries carry blood from the left ventricle to the lungs.
- False
- What blood vessel pumps blood into the systemic circulation?
- Aorta
- What blood vessel carry blood from the heart to the lungs for oxygenation?
- Pulmonary artery
- Which valve separates the right atrium from the right ventricle?
- Tricuspid valve
- Which blood vessel returns blood to the right atrium?
- Inferior vena cava
- Valves are present in the
- veins.
- The diameter of blood vessels most directly affects
- resistance.
- An increase in venous return most directly affects
- stroke volume.
- The cardiovascular center is located in the
- medulla oblongata.
- The vasomotor region of the cardiovascular center directly controls
- peripheral resistance by changing the diameter of blood vessels.
- The function of baroreceptors is to monitor changes in
- blood pressure.
- "ACE inhibitors" work as antihypertensive drugs by
- decreasing angiotensin II formation.
- The layer of a blood vessel wall that determines the diameter of the lumen is the
- tunica media.
- The tunica interna of a blood vessel is made of
- endothelium.
- The viscosity of blood most directly affects
- systemic vascular resistance.
- A chemical that is produced by virus-infected cells and released to provide nonspecific antiviral protection to neighboring cells is
- interferon.
- Antibodies are
- gamma globulin glycoproteins.
- Antibodies are produced by
- plasma cells
- As part of the processing of exogenous antigens, an antigen-presenting cell digests an antigen into fragments and also synthesizes and packages
- MHC II antigens.
- B cells proliferate and differentiate into plasma cells in the
- germinal centers of lymph nodes.
- Cytotoxic T cells recognize antigens combined with
- MHC-I antigens.
- The cisterna chyli is
- a dilation at the beginning of the thoracic duct.
- The immunoglobulin class of an antibody molecule is determined by the
- structure of the constant region of the H chains.
- The process of coating an antigenic microbe with antibodies to make it more susceptible to phagocytosis is called
- opsonization.
- Which is considered to be a primary lymphatic organ?
- red bone marrow
- Although air contains about 79% nitrogen, very little of it dissolves in blood plasma because of its low solubility coefficient. This is an example of
- Henrys Law
- As blood enters the systemic capillaries what happens?
- pO2 is high in the blood and low in the tissues
- During internal and external respiration gases move by
- diffusion
- If air enters the pleural cavity it is known as
- pneumothorax
- The volume of air still remaining in his lungs is called
- residual volume
- Mr. Jones developed acidosis or a fever, you would expect the oxygen hemoglobin dissociation curve to
- shift to the right, causing more oxygen to be released to his cells
- Surfactant aids in what?
- reduces the surface tension in alveoli
- The amount of oxygen released by the hemoglobin molecules in the blood to the tissues
- increases as blood pH decreases(acidity increases)
- The term pulmonary ventilation refers to
- breathing
- Which of the following factors keeps the lungs from collapsing
- negative intrapleural pressure
- An increase in the permeability of the cells of the collecting tubule to water is due to
- an increase in the production of ADH
- The kidneys are stimulated to produce renin
- by a decrease in the blood pressure.
- The descending limb of the loop of Henle
- contains fluid that becomes more concentrated as it moves down into the medulla.
- The renal corpuscle is made up of
- Bowman's capsule and glomerulus
- The juxtaglomerular apparatus is responsible for
- regulating the rate of filtrate formation and controlling systemic blood pressure.
- The chief force pushing water and solutes out of the blood across the filtration membrane is
- glomerular hydrostatic pressure (glomerular blood pressure).
- The filtration membrane includes all but
- renal fascia
- Which is not reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?
- creatinine
- What would happen if the capsular hydrostatic pressure were increased above normal?
- Net filtration would decrease
- Reabsorption of high levels of glucose and amino acids in the filtrate is accomplished by
- secondary active transport
- Extracellular fluids are
- high in sodium and low in potassium.
- The cation that is necessary for generation and conduction of action potentials and that contributes nearly half of the osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid is
- sodium ion.
- Levels of sodium ions in the extracellular fluid are regulated primarily by
- aldosterone.
- The primary intracellular ions are
- potassium and phosphate ions and protein anions.
- Hemoglobin picks up a hydrogen ion when
- it releases oxygen to tissues.
- What cannot help protect against pH changes caused by respiratory problems in which there is an excess or shortage of carbon dioxide?
- bicarbonate ion/carbonic acid buffers
- Holding your breath for an extended period of time results in
- respiratory acidosis.
- In compensating for respiratory alkalosis, the body excretes more
- bicarbonate ions.
- Hydrogen ions are normally eliminated from the body
- by excretion in urine.
- In compensating for metabolic acidosis, the body
- increases respiratory rate.
- The cremaster muscles
- elevate the testes during sexual arousal and exposure to cold.
- Testosterone is produced by
- interstitial cells.
- Leydig cells are located
- in spaces between adjacent seminiferous tubules.
- Sperm production in the male requires a scrotal temperature that is
- lower than body temperature.
- The process of crossing-over, or recombination, of genes occurs during
- meiosis I.
- Which of the following cells are diploid?
- primary spermatocytes
- What are veins?
- tehy carry blood from tissues back to the heart.
- The acrosome of a sperm cell contains
- hyaluronidase for egg penetration.
- A function of FSH in the male is to
- initiate spermatogenesis.
- The glycoprotein layer between the oocyte and the granulosa cells of an ovarian follicle is called the
- zona pellucida.
- During the menstrual cycle, LH is at its highest levels
- just prior to ovulation.
- What happens in the Atrial Systole
- 1.the atria are contracting(systole) while the ventricles are relaxing(diastole) 2.during this phase AV valves are open allowing for blood to fill the ventricles but at the same time the semilunar valves are closed.
- what happens in the Pwave?
- Depolarization of the SA node causes atrial depolarization
- What happens in the QRS complex
- Ventricular depolarization
- Ventricular systole
- 1.the ventricles are contracting while the atria are relaxing(diastole) 2.This marks the beginning of the T wave.
- Name the sequence of exitation.
- SA node AV node Atrioventricular (bundle of his) bundle branches (interventricular septum) purkinje Fibers
- What is the diacrotic wave
- is the amt of blood that bounces back due to the AV valve when is closed.
- what is erythropoietin
- promotes an increase in RBC's
- what is Thrombopoietin
- it stimulates the formation of platelets
- What is Cytokines?
- they stimulate the production of WBC's
- Ions that change the heart rate:
- Ca++ Na+
- What are Ateries?
- they carry blood from the heart to the tissues
- What are capillaries?
- they are microscopic blood vessels where exchange and substances takes place between the blood and body tissues
- What are Arterioles?
- they are smaller divisions of arteries that connect to capillaries
- What are venules?
- they connect capillaries to larger veins.
- What are the 3 layers of Arteries?
- 1. Tunica intima 2. Tunica media 3. Tunica externa
- Where are sinusoids usually found?
- In the bone marrow, and liver
- Where is the the steepest blood pressure occuring?
- Within the the arterioles. Aterioles have the most resistence to blood flow.
- What are valves?
- they assist in pushing blood toward the heart(right atrium)
- What is another name for FSH and LH?
- gonadotropins (Gn)
- What effects does FSH have on females?
- 1. Initiate development of ovarian follicles(primary follicle to mature to a Graafian follicle) 2. Stimulates follicular cells (this is what sorrounds the oocyte) to secrete ESTROGENS
- What effect does FSH have in males?
- Stimulate sperm production by the testis(by acting on the Sertoli)
- What effects does LH have on females?
- 1. triggers ovulation 2. stimulates formation of corpus luteum 3. stimulates SECRETION of Progesterone by Corpus Luteum (this primes uterus for implanatation) 4. stimulates RELEASE of Estrogen from the follicular cells.
- What effects does LH have on males?
- Stimulates TESTOSTERONE release by the LEYDIG or INTERSTITIAL cells.
- What are the functions of the hormone ADH?
- 1. conserves body water by decreasing urine output. 2. Decreases water loss by perspiration 3. INCREASE BP by constricting ARTERIOLES.
- The hormone of ANDROGENS does what to females and males?
- it developes secondary characteristics for example: axillary and pubic hair
- Does epinephrine decrease or increase BP?
- decreases
- What efects Primary or essential Hypertension? (factors of BP)
- diet, obesity, age , race, heredity, stress and smoking.
- What is Secondary Hypertension? (factors that contribute to)
- due to undentifiable disorders- excissive renin secretion or endocrine disorders.
- WHat is lymph?
- is similar to the interstitial fluid that sorrounds the cells.
- What are the 3 functions of the Lymphatic System?
- 1. drains excess interstitial fluid and returns it to the blood. 2. transports dietary fats and vitamins(fat soluble) 3. Defense responses against diseases.
- What is an ACTIVE (naturally aquired immunity)?
- Infection contact with pathogen
- what is a PASSIVE (naturally aquired) immunity?
- Antibodies passed on from mother to fetus via placenta or to her infant by her breast milk.
- What is an ACTIVE (artificially aquired) immunity?
- Vaccine, dead or cripled pathogens
- What is a PASSIVE (artificially aquired) immunity?
- Injection of the immune serum (anti venom, snake venom)
- What is the Daltons Law?
- that each gas in a mixture exerts it own pressure as if no other gases are present.
- What is Henrys Law?
- The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid depends on its partial pressure and the solubility of the gas.
- What is the function of the PULMONARY Ventilation?
- this is the process in which there is a gas exchange between the atmosphere and lung alveoli
- What is External Ventilation?
- this consists of gas exchange of gasses between alveoli and the pulmonary blood vessels.
- What is the transport of gases?
- this is done by via of blood to the body cells, this is a function of the cardiovascular system
- What is Internal Respiration?
- this is the exchange of gases between blood and tissues.
- Angiotensin II affects urinary out put in what way?
- It is apotent vasoconstrictor and constricts both the afferent and efferent arteriole thus decreasing Glomerular Filtration Rate. (GFR)
- The hormone ANP affects urinary out put in what way?
- This causes relaxation of the mesangial cells in the glomerulus thus increasing the capilalry surface area for filtration and thus increasing Glomerular Filtration rate. (GFR)
- What effects does ADH have in the concentration of urine? (overhydrated--> low ADH)
- The low levels of ADH results in very low water absorption in the collecting duct and the DCT, resulting in an even more dilute urine production
- What affects does ADH have in a person that is dehydrated?
- The release of the hormone ADH would be released in order to conserve more water.
- What fluid makes up to 60% volume of semen?
- Seminal fluid
- Define Semenogelin
- it coagulates semen after ejacultion
- Define Prostaglandins
- it contributes to sperm motility and viability
- The seminal vesicles secrete an alkaline, viscous fluid that contains what?
- prostaglandins, and clotting proteins
- Name the 3 accessory glands in the male.
- seminal vesicle, prostate gland and bulbourethral or Cowper's gland
- Citric Acid and Fructose is used by sperm but why?
- It is used for ATP production by the sperms
- The bulbourethral (Cowpers) glands secrete what?
- lubrication and an alkaline substance that neutralizes acid
- The prostate gland secretes
- a milky, slightly acidic fluid
- What occurs in meiosis for males and females?
- Oogenesis -females spermatogenesis -males
- what is the stratum functionalis
- this is shed during menstruation
- what is stratum basalis
- gives rise to a new stratum functionalis after each menstruation
- Postovulatory or secretory phase is?
- the time between ovulation and onset of the next menstrual period.
- Ovulation is?
- the rupture of the vesicular ovarian (Graafian) follicle with release of the secondary oocyte into the pelvic cavity
- Preovulatory phase, or proliferative phase is?
- is the time between menstruation and ovulation
- Menstrual cycle occurs when?
- 1. small secondary follicles in each ovary begin to develop 2.the stratum functionalis layer of the endometrium is shed, discharging blood, tissue fluid, mucus, and epithelial cells