Geography Exam 1
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- Our galaxy
- The Milky Way 400 billion stars
- Define nebula
- large cloud of dust and gases. (gas + debris from exploded star)
- Nebular hypothesis
- Heavy elements form from fusion in a star. Debris coalesces into larger debris... solar system. This process led to the formation of the sun, the 9 planets and the asteroid belt.
- Aphelion vs. Periphelion
- Aphelion: further from the sun (July 4th) Periphelion: Closer to the sun (Jan 4th)
- What are gamma rays?
- Shortest wavelengths; blocked by atmoshphere
- List the 5 pathways of radiation
- 1) Transmission- traveling through. 2) Refraction- the bending of light (rainbows) 3) Scattering- energy is absorbed and reradiated in all directions 4) Reflection 5) Absorption
- Does blue or red light scatter easier?
- Blue
- Define albedo
- % of incoming radiation reflected by an object. Earths albedo = 31%
- List the 6 greenhouse gases
- 1) Carbon Dioxide,CO2 2) Methane, CH4 3) Ozone, 03 4) Nitrous Oxide, NO2 5) CFCs 6) H2O Vapor
- List and define two types of heat
- 1) Sensible heat- heat you sense 2) Latent heat- the heat absorbed or released when something changes phase.
- List three reasons why urban areas are warmer.
- 1) Drier 2) Less air flow, wind. 3) Mulitiple opportunities for absorption.
- List the three types of energy transfer.
- 1) Conduction 2) Convection and advection 3) Radiation
- What is conduction?
- Energy transfer by contact. ex: stove burn, cold touch, frozen metal. Good conductor: metal. Poor conductor: styrofoam, wood, air.
- Explain convection and advection.
- Transfer of heat by mass movement of fluid. Convection(vertical), advection (horizontal).
- Define radiation.
- Energy is transfered by electromagnetic radiation. ex: shine light on face, warms you up.
- What causes the sky to be blue and the sun to be red/orange?
- Scattering of blue light.
- Refraction vs. Reflection
- Refraction- Bending of light from one density to another density. Reflection- bouncing of light.
- What breaks down the ozone?
- Bromine, Cholrine and CFCs
- The ozone layer will get worse till... and will be fully healed by...
- 2020 2100
- What is the law that banned ozone depleting chemicals like CFCs and what year did it pass?
- Montreal Protocol- 1987
- Why is ozone depletion worst over Antartica?
- Depletion is accelerated by cold temps in the stratosphere.
- Increase in UV radiation is harmful in what four ways?
- 1) Skin Cancer 2) Cataracts 3) Crop damage 4) Decrease in immune system
- List the four factors affecting the earths temp.
- 1) Latitude 2) Cloud cover 3) Altitude 4) Marine vs. continental
- What are the two driving forces of wind/movement of air?
- 1) Coriolis effect 2) Pressure gradient
- What does ITCZ stand for and where is it located?
- Intertropical Convergence Zone located on the equator.