Bio 11: Cells and Organelles
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Cell Theory. (There is three.)
- - All living things are composed of 1 or more cells. - Cells are the smallest entity that retains the properties of life - New cells arise from cells that already exist.
- Cytoplasm. Where is it? What's the function?
- It's the fluid inside the cell. It holds organelles in place.
- What's a chromosome?
- Long threads of genetic material found in the nucleus.
- Cell membrane. Where is it? What's the function?
- "Skin" of animal cell. Second layer of plant cells. They regulate what comes in and out the cell.
- Explain centrifugation.
- Cells are broken open to release the organelles and other parts of the cytoplasm and then are placed in a test tube that is spun at high speeds in a machine called a centrifuge.
- What are radioisotopes?
- Unstable chemicals that emit bursts of energy as they break down.
- What is protoplasm?
- All the contents of a cell.
- What's a gene?
- Sections of a chromosome. Each contain a set of instructions.
- Difference between: Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic?
- Eukaryotic: Has a true nucleus. (Well defined, has a nuclear membrane.) Prokaryotic: Does not have its chromosomes surrounded by a nuclear membrane.
- What is cell fractionation?
- The process by which cell components are separated by centrifugation.
- Ribosomes What do they look like? What do they do?
- Usually small blue dots attatched to rough ER. Where protein synthesis occurs.
- RNA. What does stand for? What does it do?
- Ribonucleic Acid. A genetic messenger that carries genetic info from the nucleus to the cytoplasm.
- Layers of a nucleus? (Three)
- Outside: Nuclear envelope Middle: Nucleus Core: Nucleolus
- DNA. What does it stand for? What does it do?
- Deoxyribonucleic Acid. Carries genetic information in cells.
- Lipids What are they?
- A chemical group that includes fats and oils.
- What does selectively permeable mean?
- It's like a barrier that allows some molecules to pass through but prevents other molecules from penetrating.
- Function of flagella and cilia?
- Helps cells move. Cilia sometimes help move particles.
- Cell membrane. What is it made of? What kind of membrane is it?
- Made of lipids and proteins. It has a selectively permeable membrane.
- Nucleus contains... (four things)
- Chromosomes, genes, DNA, RNA
- What does the nucleus do?
- Directs cell division and formation of cell structures.
- The _________ is where all the work is done.
- Cytoplasm
- Function of mitochondria?
- Provides cells with a form of stored chemical energy using cellular respiration.
- Layers of mitochondria? (5 layers)
- - Outer membrane - Intermembrane space - Inner membrane - Cristae - Inner matrix
- What is cellular respiration?
- A series of chemical processes by which nutrients are broken down to provide energy.
- ATP What does it stand for? What does it do?
- Adenosine triphosphate. A compound that temporarily stores chemical energy.
- What are enzymes? Where is it located in the mitochondria?
- Enzymes are protein molecules that increase the rate at which biochemical reactions proceed. It is found in the cristae of mitochondria.
- What are amino acids?
- They are organic chemicals that can be linked together to form proteins.
- Function of the endoplasmic reticulum?
- They are canals that transport materials throughout the cytoplasm.
- Difference between rough ER and smooth ER?
- Rough: Many ribosomes attached to it. Especially prevalent in cells that secrete proteins. Smooth: No ribosomes. It synthesizes fats/lipids. Prevalent in cells of developing seeds and cells that secrete steroid hormones.
- Golgi apparatus. What does it look like? What does it do?
- Looks like a stack of deflated balloons. It pinches off ends to create vesicles. It also stores, modifies, and packages proteins from the rough ER.
- What are vesicles?
- Small sacs or packets that are released by the Golgi apparatus. Important for exocytosis and endocytosis.
- Difference between exocytosis and endocytosis?
- Exo: Particles are RELEASED from a cell by fusing a particle-filled vesicle with the cell membrane. Endo: process by which the cell membrane WRAPS around a particle and PINCHES OFF a vesicle inside the cell.
- What are lysosomes?
- Vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes to break down large molecules. Only found in animal cells. (As WBC.)
- What do lysosomes do? (Hint: Known as suicide sacs)
- Destroys harmful substances in the cell by releasing their digestive enzymes, destroying bacteria and the WBC, which then creates a substance called "pus." Also destroys damaged or worn out cells.
- What are plastids?
- Organelles that function as factories for the production of sugars or storehouses for starch and some pigments.
- What's a vacuole?
- A large fluid-filled compartment in the cytoplasm of a plant cell that stores sugars, minerals, proteins, and water and is important in maintaining turgor pressure.
- What is turgor pressure?
- Pressure exerted by water against the cell membrane and the cell walls of plant cells.
- What are chloroplasts?
- Plastids that contain the green pigment chlorophyll and specialize in photosynthesis.
- What are chromoplasts?
- Plastids that store orange and yellow pigments.
- What are amyloplasts?
- Colorless plastids that store starch.
- What are hybridomas?
- Cells that result from the fusion of two different cells. EX. Cancer cells fused with white blood cells are hybridomas. It produces antibodies.