Animal Behavior
Terms
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Bluegill Sunfish (Sperm competition)
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Paternal, sneaker, and satellite (F faker) M forms. Hereditary and environment determine strategies.
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Adaption (3)
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hereditary trait that has:
- spread b/c of natural selection
- is spreading relative to other traits (b/c of ns)
- conferred/confers greater fitness than other traits
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Adaptive Behaviors
- positive (benefit-cost>0)
- Adoption (Gulls)
- Foster gulls more likely to accept closely related chicks. Chicks choose nests where the have a good chance.
- Aphids
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Territory and reproductive success. Need big leaves, best to be alone on stem.
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Apprentice Birds
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Mutualism, with long delay. Inherit territory and Fs.
- Baboons
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High ranking M monopolize F better; but F spend time w/ low-ranked M!
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Bats and maternal care
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F bats can recognize offspring, feed them most.
- Bees
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- Dance
- Behavior not mandated by genes
- von Frisch
- i.e. Nurse to forager
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Belding's Ground Squirrels
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"Kiss" to smell kin. Alarm calls from F favor F kin (GENETIC)
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Biological Clock/Circadian Pacemaker
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Neurons or cell groups that generate circadian rhythm. No cues needed to run, but cues needed to synchronize the clock.
Temperature compensation (period independent of body temp)
Mechanism is negative feedback w/ delay 
- Bowerbirds
- Males co-opt aggresive Skraa call (fitness proxy) to attract F
- Brood Parasitism
- eggs laid by female into nest of another. chicks/eggs look the same... or chicks are bigger (get fed better!)
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Brood-Parasitism: Co-evolution
- Cuckoos must look like eggs, look like chicks, and sound like chicks to fool fairy-wren
- Canary
- M feats of strength!
- Central Nervous System
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CNS generates/controls animal behavior
Nature/Instinct and Nature/Learning
evaluation, interneurons, descision
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Challanges w/ Human Behavior
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- Circus animals (genes+environment!)
- high variation
- no close relatives (vervets?)
- effect of culture (sex roles)
- most evolution coevolution... with humans!
- objectivity impossible
- predict
- Charles Darwin
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Origin of Species (1859)
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Chase-away Selection
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F not interested in trait (confers decreased fitness) so M increasingly elaborate display of trait
M display has high costs and low benefits
- Cichlid
- F lays orange eggs and puts them in her mouth. M orange anal spots
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Circadian Rhythm
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Innate clock w/ period of about 24 hrs
- Clade
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Group with common ancestor.
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Code Breaking:
- Blue butterfly + Ants + Parasitic Wasps
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Compasses (5)
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- Sun position
- Winds
- Ocean currents
- Celestial ('cept North Pole)
- Polarization of Sky
- Conditions for Infanticide (4)
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- F ovulate soon after death
- Competition for F by M
- F smaller/weaker
- M can indentify offspring
- Consilience
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Edward O. Wilson: Interconnection b/w all aspects of knowledge ("molecules to motivation")
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Correlational studies
- compare blood hormone levels w/ behavior
- Cortical Magnification
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critical inputs get more space
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Cost-Benefit of abandoning chicks
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- Chance to make more chicks (reproductive rate and length of life)
- Availability of new nest sites
- Courting
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Whales sing, hamsters make a smell, manakins dance.
- Crested auklet
- Crest=dominance. F chooses. EVEN IN AUKLETS WITHOUT CRESTS! Same as swordtail.
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Cuckoo begging
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call same as FOUR warblers.... parents bring 4X as much food.
- Daniel Lehrman
- Influence of hormones on dove reproduction (ENVIRONMENT [NURTURE])
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Developmental Homeostasis vs. Dev. Switch
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- Genes code for developmental sensitivity
- Genes code for developmental sensitivity
- Dispersal
- Less competiton for food, less inbreeding. One sex only. Birds usually F, mammals usually M.
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Divergent vs. Convergent Evolution
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Divergent: Diff selection -> diff behavior (even though common ancestor)
Convergent: Same selection -> analogous behavior (even w/out recent common ancestor)
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Donald Griffin
- Bats and ultrasound
- Ebo Gwinner
- Circannual Rhythms (bird migration and navigation)
- Entrain
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to set biological clock by zeitgeber (synchronize/regulate behavior)
- Ethology
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Systematic study of animal behavior, animal behavior is innate, instinctive, fixed (GENETICS [NATURE])
- Releaser/Sign Stimulus
- FAP
- Stimulus filtering (feature extraction)
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Eusocial Behavior
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Groups that contain specialized non-reproducing castes that work for the reproductive members of the society. Helpers are obligate altruists.
Also... if helper has low probability or reproductive success
Relatedness requir
- Evolution of intraspecific communication
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- COEVOLUTION: simultaneous evolution of transmitter, receiver, andcode (Bat/Moth, Wasp/Orchid)
- SENSORY EXPLOITATION: transmitter and receiver exist, co-opt for new code and message
- COEVOLUTION: simultaneous evolution of transmitter, receiver, andcode (Bat/Moth, Wasp/Orchid)
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Evolutionarily Stable Strategy
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Strategy used by all that can't be replaced by mutation`
- FAP
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- Inherited
- Can be modified by learning
- not ALWAYS activated by sign stimulus
- Specific behaviors variable
- multiple FAPs possible from same SS
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Female Firefly
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Decodes M signal, fakes flashes, eats M
PHOTURIS v PHOTINUS
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Finding Food
- Leaves and poison, seeds in thorns, bald eagle, minke whale
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Fisher's comment
- 2 brothers=8 cousins
- Fitness
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measured by number of offspring/gene propagation (= reproductive success)
Proxies are indirect measures (eggs, color of feathers, song...)
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Foraging and Defense (RESOURCE POLYMORPHISM)
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Sunbirds don't defend when lots of nectar around.
- FosB
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elimination ends nurturing behavior in mice
- Free-running period (tau)
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Time for animal to go through 1 cycle
- Fry v. Eggs
- Fish can "smell" if fry are another fish's.
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Fundamentals of Science (6)
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- Observation
- Hypothesis
- Prediction
- Experiment
- Theory
- Repeatability
- Genetic Compatability
- Polyandry.
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George C. Williams
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Modern evolutionary biology. Darwinian approach to humans, evolutionary psychology. TRADEOFFS
- Giraffes
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Necks for dominance and sexual competition
- Good Genes Hypothesis
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M starling: song indicates healthy immune system
Peacock: offspring grow faster w/ good tail
Bowerbirds: parasites, body size, feather growth. Bower signals for young F, body for old,
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Group Selection
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when some populations have a greater chance of survival... but cheaters win!
kin selection is more likely (group of altruists beats any single cheater)
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Groups are safer
- Butterflies.
- Guppies
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Orange food. M are orange.
- Hangingfly, Redback Spider (Nuptial Gifts)
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M bring food gifts, Spider IS food gift
- Harlow
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Isolation and monkeys :(
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Health Effects of Promiscuity
- Primates have increased WBC with multiple sexual contacts
- Heinrich
- Ravens. Yelling attracts conspecifics to food. Single ravens call in help to defend against mating pair!
- Helping Behavior (5)
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- Mutualism--all benefit
- Reciprocity--delayed direct fitness gain
- Faultative Altruism--temporary loss, delayed gain
- Obligate Altruims--only indirect fitness gain
- Altruism--direct fitness loss, indirect gain
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Hierarchy and Local Control
- Brain prevents expression of incompatible behaviors
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Home Range v Habitat v Territory
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HOME RANGE: geographical area animal occupies
HABITAT: HR environment
TERRITORY: Area defended
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Honest Signals
- Some birds (hunger), toads, red deer, antlered flies
- Hormones
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- Slow acting
- Peptides or steroids
- act in brain neuron... modify behavior
- Secreted by glands and CNS, distributed by blood
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Hume's Guillotine
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What is =/= what ought to be
description cannot lead to prescription
- Hunting and Escaping
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Orchid is predator, killer whales ambush sea lions
- Hymenoptera
- Lots of eusocial behavior, because relatedness varies from 1 to .5! (haplodipoids)
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Illegitimate Receivers
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Bats and Frogs... Great tits (high pitch can't be heard) and hawks...
Can detect signals of prey
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Inclusive Fitness
- Direct Fitness PLUS Kin Selection [Indirect fitness] (use coefficient of relatedness)
- Interneurons
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Decision, activation, pattern
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Intrasex Competition
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compete for mates
- Intrasex Selection
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limiting sex chooses behavior and morphology
- J.B. Watson
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Behaviorism: all animal activity result of conditioning
- Jacana (Polyandry)
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F defend harem of up to 4 M. M incubate and care for eggs.
Phalarope: F abandons M and eggs
M MUST HAVE HIGH CONFIDENCE OF PATERNITY
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John Maynard Smith
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Game theory
- Jurgen Aschoff
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Human circadian rhythms
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Karl von Frisch
- Bees and dancing.
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Kenneth Roeder
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Evasive tactics (cricket) and mating
- Kettelwell
- Butterflies and peppered moths, adaptive coloration
- Kleptoparasitism & Frequency-dependent Selection
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gulls, birds, terns, spiders steal from other species
ROSEATE TERNS STEAL FROM CONSPECIFIC. Fitness changes with frequency of expression.
- Konrad Lorenz
- Ethology, imprinting
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Lazuli Birds
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Dominant (bright) M tolerate dull M.
Dull M gets territory and mate.
Adults has EPC :)
*MUTUALISM*
- Lindauer
- Communication among bees (sound).
- Lizards
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want many rocks and smaller territories.
- Long-ta9ped widowbird in Kenya
- tail result of sexual selection
- Maps (6)
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- Visual landmarks
- Magnetic field
- Infrasound
- Odor/taste
- Salinity of water
- Humidity
- Mark Konishi
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w/ Marler, Owls and "multiplication"
- Mice (Progesterone)
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Infanticide by M
- Mites
- M mimics food of F by waving legs
- Mobbing (Gulls)
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Ground Gulls mob, but not cliff gulls.
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Monogamy (Splendid Fairy Wrens, possums)
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1 mate.
Common in birds, rare in mammals.
Social: live together and raise young together.
Sexual: mating restricted.
Monogamy by isolation (M), pregnancy (M), female enforced, mutual mate guarding, fitness-induced M monogamy&nbs
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Motor Neurons + Muscle Glands
- Behavior
- Nectar v. Nest (Bees)
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More trips for nectar (scout influence increases) Less for next (scout influence decreases)
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NEURON Structure & Function
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- Dendrites and Cell body [Soma] (Input)
- Axon: conducts action potential (electrical nerve impulses). Terminals synapse with dendrites on Traget Cell
- Chemical neurotransmitters
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Niko Tinbergen
- Student of Lorenz, Genetics + Environment,
- Operational Sex Ratio
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OSR = #M/#F
(Reproductively available)
>1 normal. F choice
<1 reversed. M choice
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Panda Principle
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Evolution makes do with whatever elements are available.
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Parental discrimination
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size, sound, red gape (carotinoids = healthy immune system)
coots feed youngest (brightest) first
- Parental Investment
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M: Frog-tadpoles on back, Katydid-edible sparnatophore
F: Wasp w/ cicada, eared grebe carry young
- Pavlov
- Classical conditioning
- per gene mutation
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in drosophila (Konopka and Benzer), changes circadian period
Clock mechanism is negative feedback w/ delay
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Peter Marler
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Song learning in birds.
-PROXIMATE: Hearing, Development, Social Envir... WHITE-CROWNED SPARROWS [Baptista: can learn other species' songs]
-ULTIMATE: Genotype has major effect
- Pittendrigh
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Circadian rhythms in drosophila
- PK2
- Secreted protein. high during day, inhibits activity (Gating effect)... CIRCADIAN OUTPUT (during "window" light induces hormone secretion)
- Pleiotropy
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gene has many effects on dev/behavior, so behavior can arise w/out selection
- Polyandry
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F has many M partners (sex role reversal)
- Polygyny
- M w/ many F. Normal pattern in mammals.
- Polygyny (Forms)
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F defense
Resource defense (territory)
Lek
Scramble (search for F)
Explosive Breeding Assemblage (worms)
- Polyphenism
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Environmentally induced differences
- Food Induced (ants)
- Socially (fish)
- Predator (aphids)
- Seasonal (butterflies)
- Food Induced (ants)
- Proximate Causes of Behavior
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- Neuroethology
- Sensory
- Motor
- Central Nervous Systems
- How does behavior develop w/in lifetime?
- What physical mechanisms underlie behavior?
- Quails (Testosterone)
- After copulation, testosterone in M -> estradiol
- Resource Polymorphism
- Hereditary and environmental factors, phenotypes w/ different food resources. (Cichlids w/ left or right mouth)
- Rhamphomyia
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Fly w/ sex role reversal. F not choosy about mates. Honest eggs signal.
R. LONGICAUDA scams M for food.
- Sarah Hrdy
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Langur infanticide.
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Sedge Warbler
- M song size honest signal of M paternal effort.
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Sensory Neurons
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INPUT: filtering, processing, feature extraction
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Sex definitions/roles (George Williams)
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F: large gamete. M: small
Masculine sex syndrome: cheap gametes, low parental investment, not choosy 'bout mates, compete for mates, aggressive, sexual displays
FSS: opposite ("cryptic appearance and behavior")
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Sexual Dimorphism
- Differing 2y characteristics b/w sexes. Physical AND behavioral
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Sexual Imprinting (Tits)
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Stronger in Great Tits than Blue Tits
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Sexual Selection
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Femine sex choose phenotype of masculine sex. Form of natural selection.
Leads to sexual dimorphism. Rapid effects.
- Skinner
- Operant Conditioning: Reward/Punishment
- Social Behaviors
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Agonistic (aggression/threat and conciliation/retreat)
Cooperation/Competition
Helping/Interfering
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Song Neurobiology (Input)
- NCM: song discrimination
- Song Neurobiology (Learning)
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HVC: learning, recognition?
Area X: Song plasticity
RA: Song plasticity
IMAN: learning
ZENK GENE (zebra finch)
- Song Neurobiology (Output)
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HVC
RA: Output control
NXllts: motor nucleus
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Song Pitch (lo or hi?)
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LO: dense forests
HI: open areas (woodlands)
- Sparrows (Estrogen)
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Estrogen increases territoriality in M
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Sponge Isopods
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Alpha M: Defend harem
Beta: Mimic F
Gamma: Sneakers
Three morphs have same reproductive success. Are ESS.
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St. Peter's Fish
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Both M and F mouth brooding. Reduces ability to mate for F, opportunity for M.
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Stephen J. Gould
- "punctuated equilibrium"
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Stotting (Springbok) + Pushups (Lizard)
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Cheetah abandons chase.
Honest signal.
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Survival Behavior
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Poison, Camouflage, Mobbing, Mimicry
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Talking to Strangers
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fish love songs, beetle flashes
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Talking with Strangers
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Honey Guide Bird and Humans
Vervet Monkeys
- Testosterone
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Gradual effects, may be associated w/ territorial behavior
- Thorndike
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mazes, IQ tests for kids
- Tiger Salamanders
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Normal or CANNIBAL
-More C when larvae are unrelated
- Ultimate Causes of Behavior
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- Evolution
- Natural Selection
- Phylogenetic history
- Adaption
- How does behavior promote reproductive success?
- Has behavior arisen over many generations?
- Voles (Mating)
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- Prairie are monogamous, meadow polygynous.
- Vasopressin (hormone) binds to V1aR receptor in pallidum induces bonding behavior.
- Increase density V1aR -> more bonding.
- W.H. Thorpe
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Sonogram for bird song, chaffinches learn local dialects!
- Warblers (Mate Guarding)
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Guard F after fucking. Depends on M density.
- Waterbugs
- M carry eggs on back.
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William D. Hamilton, Hamilton's Rule
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Inclusive fitness. Altruism.
Gene for altruism spreads iff rbB>rcC (B=indirect fitness gain, C= direct fitness loss)
- Zeitgeber
- "Time giver" sets (entrains) clocks to "local time". External cues (light, temp, social).