Chapter 7
Terms
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- ____ are a single, highly variable species inhabiting the entire globe
- Humans
- Though biological processes are responsible for human variation, the biological concept of race (can or cannot) be applied to human diversity.
- cannot
- The vast majority of _______ variation exists within populations rather than among populations
- human
- Early European scholars tried to classify _____ _____ into subspecies based on geography and features such as skin color, body size, head shape, and hair texture
- Homo sapiens
-
The 18th-century Swedish naturalist __________ ________ divided humans into subspecies based on geography and classified all Europeans as “white,†Africans as “black,†American Indians as “red,†and Asians as “yellow.â€
- Carolus Linnaeus
- _______ _______ divided humans into Caucasian, American Indian, Ethiopians, Mongolians, and Malays
- Johann Blumenbach
- Historical efforts at classifying humans into higher and lower forms were based on _______ errors and ________ prejudices.
-
factual
ethnocentric -
The notion of superior and inferior ______ has been used to justify brutalities ranging from repression to slavery, mass murder, and genocide.
- races
- In biology, the taxonomic category of _______ is not applicable to humans because the division of humans into discrete types does not represent the true nature of human biological variation.
- subspecies
-
In some societies, race is an important _______ category.
- social
- In biology, a ______ is a population differing geographically, morphologically, or genetically from other populations of the same species
- race
- Any one race does not have exclusive possession of any particular variant of any _____.
- gene or genes
-
The differences among individuals and within a population are generally (less/greater) than the differences among populations.
- greater
- A doctrine of superiority by which one group justifies the dehumanization of others based on their distinctive physical characteristics is what?
- racism
- what is not just about discriminatory ideas, values, or attitudes; but is also a political problem?
- racism
-
______ conflicts result from social stereotypes, not known scientific facts.
- racial
-
Many people have assumed there are _______ differences among human races.
- behavioral
-
The innate _______ characteristics attributed to race can be explained in terms of experience as well as a hierarchical social order.
- behavioral
-
In the United States, ________________ was used in the 20th century to try to establish racial differences in intelligence.
- IQ testing
-
It is not possible to separate inherited components of ________ from those that are culturally acquired.
- intelligence
-
The expression of _____ always occurs in an environment. _______ shapes all aspects of the environment.
-
genes
Culture -
what has these several factors:
-transparency or thickness of the skin
-distribution of blood vessels
-amount of carotene and melanin
- Skin color
- ________ ________ has favored darkly-pigmented skin as protection against strong solar radiation of equatorial latitudes
- Natural selection
- In ________ latitudes, natural selection has favored lighter skin, which allows weaker solar radiation to penetrate the skin and aid in production of vitamin D.
- northern
- Human ____ ____ change in response to external factors
- gene pools
-
In times of scarcity, individuals with the _______ _______ conserve glucose (a simple sugar) for use in brain and red blood cells as well as nitrogen (vital for growth and health).
- thrifty genotype
-
Regular access to _______ through the lactose in milk led to selection for the non-thrifty genotype as protection against adult-onset diabetes.
- glucose
- At least 51 chemicals, many in common use, are known to ______ hormones
- disrupt
- ________ __________ ________ that make plastics are used in plumbing, food processing, and food packaging.
- hormone disrupting chemicals that make plastics