Bio110, (copy)
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- The goal of the Human Genome Project is to:
- map human DNA and identify the location of all genes
- When bacteria take up DNA fragments from the fluid surrounding a cell, it is called
- transformation
- When a virus transfers a fragment of DNA from one bacterial host to another, it is called:
- transduction
- When two bacterial cells come together, and pass a DNA fragment from one cell to another, it is called:
- conjugation
- When a new DNA fragment is integrated into a bacterial cell, the new DNA:
- replaces the equivalent portion of the old DNA
- A small circular DNA molecule in bacteria that is separate from the larger bacterial chromosome is called:
- a plasmid
- When a plasmid carries extra genes to another cell, it is acting as:
- a vector
- In many bacteria, genes that confer resistance to antibiotics are carried on:
- R plasmids
- Which of the following human activities has contributed to an increase in the number of bacteria having R plasmids?
-
both A and B are correct
A. heavy use of antibiotics in medicine
B. use of antibiotics as agricultural feed supplements - Which of the following is a step in creating a recombinant bacterium?
-
all of the above
A. A DNA fragment containing the gene of interest is inserted into the plasmid, producing recombinant DNA.
B. The bacterium is allowed to take up the plasmid by transformation.
C. The genetically engineered, recombinant bacterium is then cloned to generate many copies of the gene.
D. The bacteria can produce proteins from the gene, and the proteins can be harvested. - Which of the following is a possible use of recombinant bacteria?
-
all of the above
A. A gene for pest resistance can be inserted into plants.
B. A gene can be used to create a strain of bacteria that can clean up toxic waste.
C. Large amounts of protein can be produced that will help dissolve blood clots in heart attack therapy.
D. Large amounts of protein can be produced that can be used to make snow form at higher temperature. - Restriction enzymes:
- cut DNA at specific sites
- Sticky ends" are:
- single-stranded regions of DNA with unpaired nucleotides
- After being cut with a restriction enzyme, the DNA fragments are "pasted" back together with:
- DNA ligase
- DNA ligase binds:
- nucleotides together
- The feature of "sticky ends" that makes them especially useful in DNA recombination is their ability to:
- form hydrogen-bonded base pairs with complementary single-stranded stretches of DNA
- A collection of cloned DNA fragments obtained while creating recombinant bacteria is called:
- a genomic library
- Which of the following can serve as DNA vectors for genetic recombination
-
both A and C are correct
bacterial plasmids
phages - What enzyme is used to create a strand of DNA from RNA?
- reverse transcriptase
- An advantage of using reverse transcriptase to prepare a gene for cloning is that:
- the resulting DNA strand will lack introns
- A probe is:
- a piece of radioactively labeled DNA that is used to find a specific gene
- Gel electrophoresis is commonly used to sort:
-
only B and C are correct
B. proteins
C. nucleic acids - Gel electrophoresis physically sorts molecules based on:
- size and electrical charge of the molecule
- Why do DNA molecules move toward the positive pole during electrophoresis?
- the phosphate groups of the DNA are negatively charged
- A chromosomal landmark whose inheritance can be studied is called:
- a genetic marker
- Cutting DNA with a particular restriction enzyme produces ___ that can be separated by gel electrophoresis.
- restriction fragments
- Restriction fragments differ in:
- length
- Restriction fragment analysis can be used to detect:
- the harmful alleles that cause disease
- The purpose of PCR is:
- amplify DNA in a test tube
- Starting with a single DNA molecule, PCR can generate:
- 100 billion molecules of DNA in a few hours
- Which of the following are potential applications of PCR?
-
all of the above
A. amplify DNA from mummies
B. amplify DNA from frozen animals
C. detect viral genes in cells infected with HIV
D. amplify DNA from a crime scene for restriction fragment analysis - Telomeres are:
- segments of repetitive DNA at the ends of chromosomes
- Segments of DNA that are able to move from one site to another in the genome are called:
- transposons
- The specific pattern of bands that indicate a person's restriction fragment markers is called:
- a DNA fingerprint
- Why can't glycoproteins be mass-produced by bacteria or yeast cells?
- these cells cannot correctly attach the sugar groups
- Which of the following are the first pharmaceutical products made using recombinant DNA technology?
- human insulin and human growth hormone
- A harmless variant or derivative of a pathogen can be used as a ___ to prevent an infectious disease.
- vaccine
- An organism that contains a gene from another species is called:
- transgenic
- The alteration of an individual's genes to treat a disorder is called:
- gene therapy