DAT
Terms
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- Ka
- [A-][h30+]/[HA]
- pka
- -log[Ka]
- Value of pkb for weak base
- greater than zero
- Value of pka for a weak acid
- greater than zero
- l
-
designates subshell s,p,d,f
can be 0 to n-1 - ml
- -l to l
- number of orbital in each subshell
- 2l +1
- maximum principal quantum number
- 2n^2
- charge of electron
- (-1.6x10^-19
- E
- reduction potential
- E (cell)
- E red + E ox
- Free energey in cell
- G=-nFEcell
- How to calculate partial pressure
- Partial pressure = mole fraction x total pressure
- Gas constant
- 8.21 X 10^-2 Latm/molK
- Gas constant in J/kmol
- 8.314
- rate of diffusion and effusion
- root of MM2/MM1
- Ksp
-
solubility product constant
[product]^n[product]^n - Freezing point depression
- Change in T= Kf x molality
- Boiling point elevation
- Kb x molality = T
- Work
- W=-P x change in Volume
- osmotic pressure
- Pi = MRT
- Free energy of a system
- Change in Heat - (temperature x change in entropy)
- Beta decay change in mass
- +1
- Beta decay change in atomic number
- none
- Faraday constant
- 96,485 colocoumbs/mole
- Spontaneous reactions
- produce electricity
- nonspontaneous reaction
- use electricity to produce chemical change
- oxidation
- loss of electrons
- reduction
- gaining electrons
- anode
- oxidation
- cathode
- reduction
- galvanic cells are spontaneous or nonspontaneous
- spontaneous
- electrolytic cells are spontaneous or nonspontaneous
- nonspontaneous
- charge of an anode in a galvanic cell
- negative
- charge of an anode in an electrolytic cell
- positive
- source of electrons in a galvanic cell
- anode
- source of electrons in an electrolytic cell
- cathode
- charge of cathode in an electrolytic cell
- negative
- charge of cathode in galvanic cell
- positive
- nFEcell =
- RTlnKeq = change in Free Energy
- H of formation of a reaction
- (Sum of Hf of products)- (sume of Hf of reactants)
- Positive H, Negative S
- nonspontaneous
- Negative H, postiive S
- spontaneous
- Positive H, Positive S
- spontaneous at high temperatures
- Negative H, Negative H
- spontaneous at low temperatures
- Rate of a reaction
- =k [A]^x [B]^y
- Equilibrium constant
- Kc= [product]^x/[reactant]^y
- avogrados number
- 6.022 x 10^23
- Plancks constant
- 6.626 x 10^-34
- Formal charge
- valence - 1/2bonding - nonbonding
- Energy of planck's emitted photon
- -Rh[ 1/(ni)^2 - 1/ (nf)^2
- Rh
- 2.18 x 10^-18
- alpha decay change in mass
- plus four
- alpha decay change in atomic number
- plus two
- What does it mean that electrons are quantized
- they can only exist in certain fixed energy states
- what happens when electron sare excited to a higher energy level and fall back to grounds state
- they emit light
- velocity of ilght
- 3.0 x 10^8
- Each elemnt can have its electrons excited to differnet energy levels so it is said to have a unique what?
- emission spectrum
- the energy of a photon is equal to what?
- E= hc/wavelength
- the n quantum number describes what
- size
- the l quantum number describes what
- shape
- the ml quantum number describes what
- orientation
- the ms quantum nubmer describes what
- spin
- what is the principal quantum number
- n
- as the difference between adjacent shells decreases what happens to their distance from nucleus
- increases
- number of orbitals in s subshell
- 1
- number of orbitals in p subshell
- 3
- number of orbitals in d subshell
- 5
- number of orbitals in f subshell
- 7
- hunds rule
- electrons fill all orbitals before pairing up
- paramagnetic
- unpaired electrons - spins are aligned with the field
- diamagnetic
- no unpaired electrons - slightly unalighned with external field
- the rows on periodic table
- rows
- periods show what quantum number
- principal
- columns that show valence electrons on periodic table
- groups
- representative elemens (A)
- s or p sublevels as valence
- Nonrepresentative (B) elements
- partly filled D and F sublevels
- as number of protons in an element increase, the radius does what
- decreases
- ionization energy
- energy required to completely remove an electron from an atom
- electron affinity
- the ease at which electrons can be added to an atom
- when sublevels are full, electron affinity is high or low?
- low
- Atomic radius of metals
- large
- Ionization energy of metals
- low
- Electronegativity of metals
- low
- metal or nonmetal - high melting point
- metal
- metal or nonmental- high density
- metal
- metal or nonmetal - good conductor
- metal
- Metal or nonmetal - lackluster, brittle
- nonmetal
- metal or nonmental - small atomic radius
- nonmental
- metal or nonmetal - high ionization enery
- nonmetal
- metal or nonmetal - high electronegativity
- nonmetal
- Elements between metals and nonmetals
- metalloids
- Group IA
- alkali metals
- Group IIA
- Alkaline earths
- Halogens
- Group VIIA
- Halogens are highly reactive with what groups
- IA and IIA
- Noble gases
- Group VIII - non-reactive, low bp, all gases
- Groups IB - VIIIB
- Transition elements - malleable and good conductors
- What type of bond has high electron affinity and small ionization energy
- ionic bonds
- what type of bonds have weak intermolecular forces
- covalent bonds
- bonds with high melting and boiling points
- ionic bonds
- bonds with low melting and boiling points
- covalent bonds
- what bonds are not good conductors
- covalent bonds
- number of shared electron pairs between two atoms
- bond order
- bond length
- distance between two nucei in a bond
- and increase number of shared electrons increases or decreases bond length
- decrease
- energy required to separate 2 bonded atoms
- bond energy
- substance composed of two or more elements in a fixed proportion
- compounds
- the smallest unit of a compound
- molecule
- units of zero order reaction
- M/sec
- units of first order reaction
- 1/sec
- half life equation
- T= .693/k
- units of second order reaction
- 1/MSec
- the difference in potental energy of products and reactants
- enthalpy
- Keq never includes what?
- solids and liquieds
- If Keq is large then is there more product or reactant?
- product
- If Keq is small, is there more product or reactant
- reactant
- A system that cannot exchange energy or matter with the outside
- isolated
- A system that can exchange energy but not matter
- closed
- A system that can exchange both energy and matter
- open
- A system in which temperature is constant
- isothermal
- A system in which no heat exchange occurs
- adiabatic
- A system with no pressure change
- isobaric
- the heat in a reaction, q is equal to what?
- q=mc(change in temp)
- Heat of formation
- (sum Hf of products) - (sum Hf of reactants)
- Gibbs Free energy equation
- G = H - TS
- A reaction is spontaneous when G is less than or greater than zero?
- less than
- Spontaneous or nonspontaneous: H is negative S is positive
- spontaneous
- Spontaneous or nonspontaneous: H is positive and S is negative
- nonspontaneous
- Spontaneous or nonspontaneous: H and S are positive
- spontaneous at high temperatures
- Spontaneous or nonspontaneous: H and S are both negative
- Spontaneous at low temperatures
- G'= ?
- -RTln Keq
- G = ?
- G' + RTlnQ
- Standard temperature and pressure
- 1 atm, 273 K
- An ideal gas has no what?
- intermolecular forces and no volume
- Ideal gases occur under what conditions?
- low pressure and high temperature
- Real gases have what two things that ideal gases do not have?
- intermolecular forces and volume
- The partial pressure of a gas is calculated with this equation
- Pa= Pt x X
- Kinetic energy of gases is primarily affected by what factor?
- temperature, as temp increases, molecules move at higher speeds
- Carbohydrates are composed of what elements and in what ratio
- carbon hydrogen and oxygen )1:2:1)
- Lipids are composed of what elements and in what ratio
- C, H, and O with much more H than O in comparison to carbs
- A lipid consists of what?
- 3 fatty acids and one glycerol
- what gives fatty acids their hydrophobic character
- long carbon chains
- what gives fatty acids their acidic character
- carboxylic acid groups
- phosolipid is composed of what?
- glycerol, 2 fatty acids, and phospate and nitrogen alcohol
- caretenoids are what type of macromolecule and what is their purpose
- lipid, serve as pigments
- porphyrins
- lipids that ahve four joined rings and are complexed with a metal
- In addition to C, H, and O; proteins may also have what?
- phosphorus and sulfur
- what do enzymes do to the activation energy
- lower it
- what do enzymes do to the rate
- increase it
- what do enzymes do to the overall Free energy of a reaction
- nothing
- Nucleic acids contain the elements: ?
- C, H, O, N, P
- Nucleic acids are made up of
- nucleotides
- A nucleotide is made of what three things?
- 5 carbon sugar, a phosphate group and a nitrogenous basew
- what type of microscopy allows specimen to be alive
- phase contrast
- the movement of particles due to kinetic energy which spreads small suspended particles throughout the cytoplasm of the cell
- brownian movement
- circular motion of cytoplasm around the cell teransport molecules
- cyclosis
- homologous chromosomes paire up at mitosis or meiosis
- meiosis
- a type of asexual reproduction in which replication of nucleus is followed by unequal cytokinesis
- budding
- development of an unfertilized egg into an adult organism
- parthenogenesis
- the female hormone that is responsible for thickening of the endometrium
- estrogens
- female hormone secreted by the corpus luteum during hte luteal phase of menstruation
- progesterone
- The follicular phase of the menstrual cycle begins wtih what?
- cessation of the menstrual flow
- During the follicular phase the hormone _______ released from _______ promotes ___________ and the follicle begins to secrete __________
- FSH, Anterior pituitary, development of the follicle, estrogen
- During ovularion , an _______ is released
- ovum
- Ovulation is caused by ?
- a surge in LH
- The surge is LH is in part caused by the peak in what hormone
- estrogen
- In the luteal phase, the ______hormone induces the the ruptured follicle to develop into the ___________
- LH, corpus luteum
- The corpus luteum secretes what
- estrogen and progesterone
- male organ in flowering plant
- stamen
- stamen contains what at the end
- pollen bearing anther
- female organ in flowering plant
- pistil or carpal
- plants alternate between ______ and __________generatioins
- gametophyte and sporophyte
- the gametophyte generatation is (haploid/diploid)
- haploid
- gametes in plants are produced by mitosis or meiosis
- mitosis
- gametophytes reproduce asexually or sexually
- sexually
- sporophytes reproduce asexually or sexually
- asexually
- sporophytes are (haploid/diploid) and produce (haploid/diploid) _______ via _________
- diploid, haploid, meiosis
- this type of RNA transports DNA from nucleus to the cytoplasm for protein synthesis
- mRNA
- this type of RNA translates RNA to amino acids
- tRNA
- this type of RNA is structrual component of Ribosomes
- rRNA
- process of changing DNA to RNA
- Transcription
- process of changing RNA to protein
- translation
- in translation the mRNA contains a three letter ________
- codon
- in translation the tRNA contains the three letter _______
- anticodon
- in tranlation mRNA moves in what direction
- 5 to 3
- in translation tRNA is read in what direction
- 3 to 5
- what are the three sites on a ribosome
- A, p, E
- the tRNA attaches at what site
- A
- the protein elongates at what site
- P
- an inducer must bind to a repressor to for transcription to occur in this type of system
- inducible
- an inducer in an inducible system binds to what?
- the repressor
- what binds to the repressor in a trepressible system
- corepressor
- without an inducer in an inducible system, transcription always occurs or never occurs
- never
- without a corepressor in a repressible system, transcription always occurs or never occurs
- always
- During what cycle of a bacteriophage does the bacterial cell burst
- lytic cycle
- during what cycle of a bacteriophage is the virus integrated into bacterial genome
- lysogenic
- the epidermis forms from this layer of the gastrula
- ectoderm
- the muscles are formed from this layer of the gastrula
- mesoderm
- epithelial linings are formed from this layer of the gastrula
- endoderm
- the part of the egg that lines the inside of the shell and provides a moist memebrane for gas exchange
- chorion
- part of the egg that encloses the yolk and contains blood vessels for food transfer
- yolk sac
- encloses amnionic fluid
- amnion
- sac like structure involved in respiration and excretion, highly vascularized
- allantois
- what is the purpose of the chorion
- moist gas exchange surface
- what is the prupose of amnion
- protects developing embryo from shock
- what is the purpose of allantois
- respiration and exretion and transportation of gases and wastes
- purpose of yolk sac
- allows passage for food transport
- in placental animals what functions as the chorion
- placenta
- in placental animals, what is analgous to the allantois
- umbilical cord
- in protozoans, movement of gases and nutrients is accomplished via what method
- simple diffusion
- hydra and cnidarians, movement of gases and nutrients is accomplished by
- no specialized circulatory system. body walls are two cells thick so all cells are in direct contact with internal or external environment
- arthropods movement of gases and nutrients is accomplished by
- open circulatory systems
- a circulatory system in which blood and interstitial fluid is in direct contact with tissues - there are no vessels
- open circulatory system
- circulatory system in which blood is confined to blood vessels
- closed circulatory system
- annelids (earthworms) use what kind of circulatory system
- closed
- earthworms do not have what type of cells?
- red blood cells
- what types of vessels have the thickest most muscular walls
- arteries
- what types of vessels have the thinnest walls
- capillaries
- blood is composed of what 4 things?
- plasma, RBC, WBC, and platelets
- what are the two functions of antibodies
- to attract WBCs and to agglutinate cells for easy removal
- obtaining immunity through an immune response
- active immunity
- obtaining immunity through the passage of antibodies from one animal to another
- passive
- type of immunology via antibodies
- humoral
- immunity against virus or fungus
- cell mediated
- what is the main function of RBC
- oxygen transport
- what is the main function of WBC
- phagocytize, immune response
- what is the main function of platelets
- clot formation
- what are the adrenal glands
- adrenal cortex and andrenal medulla
- what is secreted by adrenal coretex
- corticosteroids
- what is secreted by the adrenal medlla
- epinephrine and norepinephrine
- what controls the release of adrenal cortical hormones
- ACTH secreted by ant pit
- corticosteroids
- cortisol, aldosterone, androgens
- glucocorticoids raise/lower blood glucose levels
- raise