BJU Biology chapter 4
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- what is the primary need for cells?
- non-recyclable energy
- what is an autotrph?
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make their own food by:
1)photosynthesis light-food
2)chemosythesis inorganic chem into sugar (bacteria) - Why do cells need energy constantly?
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-to maintain homeostasis
-to manufacture needed substances & tear down others
-to store more usable energy - Photosynthesis
- absorb light energy and convert to stred chemical energy
- explain process of photosynthesis
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6 co2 + 12 h20 + sunlight =
c6h1206 + 602 + 6H20 - Dr Melvin Calvin
- Nobel Prize 1961 worked out details of photosythesis into a series of steps
- Joseph Priestly
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1. candle burn -air kills mouse
2.add plant and light-mouse lives - chlorophyll
- green pigment
- primary catlyst of photosynthesis
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large molecule with head & tail portion (Mg++ and carbon)
does not contain Fe(iron) butneed Fe and light - where are the light capturing pigments
- the grana of chloroplasts
- how many types of chloroghyll are there
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4
a,b,c,d
only chlorphyll a carries on photosynthesis others pass on light energy of different wave lengths - plastids
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membrane bound organelles NOT
in animals - what are the two types of plastids
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Leucoplasts-for storage and colorless
chromoplast-for synthesis colored red,ornage, and yellow - chloroplasts
- most commmon chromoplast
- ATP
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adenosine triphoshate
smallest unit of stored energy in cells
temporary, unstable constantly remake it - ADP
- adenosine diphosphate
- what is ATP energy used for
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active transport
biosynthesis
cellular movement
locomotion - phosphate bonds
- very high energy bonds, unstable
- requirements for photosynthesis
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1. light of right wavelength
2. CO2(into cell) (.03% of atmosphere)
3.temperature (varies with plants)
4. H20 - where does photosynthesis take place
- in membranes of grana of chloroplasts
- 1st stage of photosynthesis
- light energy absorbed and brake apart H20 (photolysis)
- second stage of photosynthesis
- after water broken down oxygen is release
- 3rd stage of photosynthesis
- as hydorgen and electorns pass on, energy is release so ADP + P--ATP
- what is needed for the second pahse (dark phase) of photosynthesis
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ATP + electorns +hydrogen
dark phase can only continue if light phase is on for long term - synthetic phase
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CO2 + products of light--glucose
can take place in light or dark but need products of light reaction to go. - Aerobic Cellular Respiration
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requires oxygen
breakdown of food into usable cellular enery in form of ATP - Glycolysis
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breakdown of glucose
in cytoplasm (where enzyms) - glucose
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C6H12O6
activation energy to start - where do the citric acid cycle and the hydrogyn electron transport system take place
- mitochondria
- cellular respiration
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takes stored chemical energy (glucose) and converts it to ready to use chemical energy ATP 50% of glucose energy
C6H1206 +O2--H2O +CO2 +ATP - fermentation
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breakdown of foood (glucose) without O2
ex: bacteria, yeast, alcohol - metabolism
- all life processes
- anabolism
- build up molecules needs energy
- catabolism
- break down molesules releases energy
- protein synthesis
- crucial to life
- 2 types of proteins
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1. enzymes
2. stuctural protein - what are proteins
- polypeptide chain of amino acids (aa)
- what do the sequence of bases do in DNA
- determines sequence of 20 amino acids in proteins
- what are the 4 bases?
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adenine
thymine arranged in
guanine 3 letter
cytosine codes which
determines
aa - what types of RNA is needed to get code form DNA
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1.messenger RNA
2.transfer RNA
3.ribosomal RNA (rRNa) - messenger RNA (mRNA)
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performs "transcription"
contains code for amino acids gotten from DNA
mRNA carries code form nucleus to ribosomes in cytoplasm there mRNA read each 3 letter codon tells of aa and in right order - transfer RNA (tRNA)
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aa carried by tRNA--carries to mRNA--order of codons
3 bases on tRNA: anticodon