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P Chem= DIE.

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How to switch from Tb to Tf?
Tb/Tf = .51/1.86 (The Kb values)
where is raoults law region?
top corners of "deviation" graph
lysis
swelling and bursting of a ell due to a HYPOtonic envrioment
Isotonic with respect to wat type of membrane
REAL semi permeable membrane= any specifc membrane like RBC
Four colligative prperties
BP elevation, FP Depression, VP lowering, Osmotic pressure
Sfus
13.5 eu
what thermodynamic force initates vaporaizaiton?
enthalpy
For the dissolution process: - Delta s (whats going on and is it favorable?) aka?
forming solute solvent interactions= unfavorable aka Hydration
dilution factor
Ci/Cf
which is greater dispersion or dipole-dipole?
dipole-dipole thus has a higher MP
crenate
shrink
what does melting point depend more on?
More on enthalpic bc entropic is constant (thus Svap=13.5 etc)
What do colligative properties depend on?
Concentration of particle in solution
molecules with double bonds: what are the tb and tm?
the one without double bonds= slightly higher tb and the one WITH double bonds= higher Tm due to packing
what charge equal a happy free energy reaction
negative
what does the Keq for dissolution of electrolytes=?
keq=ksp=[a]^m + [b]^n
Standard temp?
298 K
what happens if you put a RBC in 2% boric aid?
it will go INSIDE the cell
why is there a smaller i value when there is a ion-water interaction than the number of ions in solution?
the activity coff. decrease= lower i
list in order of increasing BP? ketones alkanse alcohols and ethers
alkanes ethers ketones alcohols
equation for solublity of non electrolytes
H soln= H fus + H mix
equation for Tbp?
Delta H vap/21 e.u
what does the Keq for dissolution of Non electrolytes=?
keq=xs
When adding water to [ ] what is the equation to find [ ]?
CiVi= Vtotal Cf
equation for solublity of electrolytes
H soln= H lattice + H solv
what are the extensice properites of a system?
free enegery, vp lowering, entropy, volume, enthalpy
what do you multiply the mole fraction by to get the molal?
55.5 * mole fraction
How does boric acid compare to RBC membrane
Same Freezing pt= isoosmotic bt NOT isotonic (since goes INSDIE the ell= hyPOtonic)
dissolution
dissolving
where is the henerys law region
bottom corners of the "deviation" graph
ka associatied with weak acids
less than 1
How does Boric aids compare to eye?
isoosmotic to eye ball and isotonic
what type of interaction would benze give off?
induce dipole
what type of membran does ISo-osmotic deal with?
perfect semi permeable membrane meaning permeable to solvent but not solute
two equations for delta G?
Delta G= -RT ln Keq or Delta G= Delta H - T Delta S
which charge of H = energy given off?
negative
which charge of H = energy needed
postive
mg%
mg/100ml
tb
.51
what do you multiply the molal by to get mole fraction
0.018 * molal
what type of enviroment does lysis occur?
hyPOtonic enviroment= sweel and burst
given A6=5.44 ug/ml and A3=9.614 ug/ml find A10=?
Find K by (NEG lnA6-ln A3/ (6-3)) then find Ao THEN find A10
w/w %
1 mg/100 mg
What type of enviroment does crenation occur?
hyPERtonic= shirvels
equation for Tf
imKf=Tf (lil circle)- Tf
what do RBC and .9 NaCl and Boric acid have in common?
isoosmotic= freeze at same temp but NOT all isotonic (b acid= hypotonic
equation for weak bases
NH4oH--> NH4+ + OH - keq= Kb=1.8*10-5 or D + H2o--> DH+ + OH-
IF Pb=0 then what is the equation for delta P
delta P= Xb (Pa)
Standard state for electrolyte solution
1M
Tfiso=
0.52
Standard state for non-electrolytes
1 m.f.
what charge equal a happy ethalpic reaction
negative= energy given off
what is delta G fus at melting point?
ZERO
factors affecting dipole interactions?
strenght of individual dipoles, distance btw molecues, direction of dipoles
delta T f Iso=
0.52
how to find pressure of NaCL with only RBC pressure?
Pressure is related to Temp (pinew/pi old)= (tnew/told)
when comparing ether to aldehyde
aldehyde has higher tb and tm because electrostatic interactions
quadratic formula
x=-(b+- Squaroot of b^2-4ac)/2a
units for Enthalphy (H)
K cal/mol
what happens to the solubility if you increease the temp of an exothermic (-H) process?
decrease solubility
When does delta G = 0
at equilibrium
Kb h20
0.51 deg/ molal
how much dextrose/ 1 G NaCl?
0.16
Kf
1.86 deg/molal
v/v%
1ml/100 ml
equation for weak acids
HAc--> H+ + Ac- keq= Ka= 1.8*10^-5
for partioning- what to do when ask for fraction
AMOUNT= Cv/Ctotal
what charge = happy entropic interaction
positive s
alkenes vs alkanse MP
alkenes can pack more= higher mp
E(a-a) = E (b-b) = E (a-b)
ideal solution= no interactions
out of all the halogens, which has the higher BP?
Br bc bigger=more polarizable=more dispersion iteractions=greater bp
equation for Tm?
Delta Hfus/13.5 e.u
what type of probelms would be seen for "common ion effecT"
this number of A dissolved in this number of B= how much?
Units for Entropy (S)
cal/k mol
how does a long chain on bnzene ring affect bp tm?
increase BP (more polarizable) and decrease TM (less packing)
Standard volume
24.5 L
Standard pressure?
1 atm
For the dissolution process: - Delta H (whats going on and is it favorable?) aka?
forming solute-solvent interactions= favorable aka lattice
what does the Keq for Vaporization =?
Pa (lil cirle)
list entrostatic ineractions
d-d, i-i, d-i
what is the primary contributor to Delta H?
IMI
Svap=?
21 eu
when comparing terminal carboxylic acid to ester?
carboxylic acid has highter tb and th than ester due to Hydrogen bonding
Ao=?
first order rate
how does NaCl compare to RBC?
Isotonic and Isoosmtic WR2 RBC thus its Fp= 0.52
what are the two r values
0.001987 k cal / deg mol and 0.082 L atm/ deg mol (use for pressure equation)
E (A-B) (LESS THAN) E (a-a) and E (b-b)
Postivie deviation because rather be anti-social and keep to their own kind
for melting of non electrolyte: what part of its equation is always positive
H fus
three MODES OF IMI?
electrostatic, dispersion, hydrogen bonding
Entropy or enthalpic: which is the reason for vaporization?
entropy
For the dissolution process: + Delta H (whats going on and is it favorable?) aka?
breaking solute-solute interactions= Unfavorable aka lattice
what is "i" for 0.9% NaCl?
1.82
when comparing one ring with two bromines to a ring with cl and f attached
dibromine ring has higher tb and tm due to dispersion
crenation
shriveling of a cell due to a hypertonic enviroment
E (A-B) (GreaterTHAN) E (a-a) and E (b-b)
Negative deviation bc rather react with each other than be loners
the molecular descriptors which determine strenght of IMI?
Dipole (electrostatic) Polarizbility (Dispersion) and H accept or donating (Hbonds)
what charateristics does dextrose have compared to RBC?
5% is iso osmotic bc freezes at same temp of .52 but HYPOTONIC
alkenes vs alkanes BP?
alkanes= more polarizable= greater BP
equation to fink -k?
-ln(a)-ln(b)/(a-b) and remember T = TIME
For the dissolution process: + Delta S (whats going on and is it favorable?) aka?
Breaking solute-solute interactions = favorable aka Hydration

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