Environmental Science 2
Terms
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- What is the O Horizon?
- Organic Matter
- What is the A Horizon?
-
Topsoil
mineral particles mixed with organic shit - E Horizon?
-
Zone of leaching
-depleted of soluble nutrients - The B Horizon?
-
Sub-soil
has dense texture - C Horizon?
-
parent material
-weathered rock fragments - What is erosion?
- the natural process, resulting in redistribution of products of geologic weathering and is part of both soil formation and soil loss
-
T or F
Agriculture accounts for largest single share of global H20 use - True
- What percentage of irrigation H20 never reaches its destination?
- 80 percent
- Fertilizers are used because of lack of what three nutrients?
- Nitrogen, Potassium, and Phosphorus
- What do GMO's contain?
- DNA processing genes borrowed from unrelated species
- What percentage of GMO's is all processed food in North America?
- 60%
- Managing Topography deals with what 3 concepts?
-
Contour Plowing
Strip farming
Terracing - What is contour plowing?
- plowing across slope to slow flow of water
- What is strip farming?
- planting diff. crops in alternating strips along land contours
- What is terracing?
- Shaping land to create level shelves of earth to hold water and soil
- What cause highest reates of erosion b/c they leave soil bare for much of the year?
- row crops
- What do they do to fix this problem of row crops?
-
-leave crop residue after harvest
-mulch
-plant cover crops - What is health?
- state of physical, mental, and soical well being
- What is a change in body's condition in response to an env. factor?
- Disease
- What are examples of infectious organisms?
-
-salmonella
-malria
-giardia - What is known as a disease never known before or has been absent for at least 20 yrs?
- Emergent Disease
- What is the difference bwt. Hazardous chemicals and Toxic Chemicals?
-
Hazardous are dangerous
Toxic are posionous - what are mutagens?
-
agents that dmage or alter DNA
-radiation - What are teratogens?
- Specifically cause abnormalities during embryonic growth and dev.
- Carcinogens cause?
- cancer
- What is described as how, where, and when a toxic material will move through the env. or body to site of action?
- Solubility
-
What is the selective absorption and storage of a great variety of molecules?
This allows them to do what? -
Bioaccumulation
-allows them to aquire nutrients and essential minerals but at same time absorb harmful substances - What is Biomagnification?
- When the toxic burden of a large number of org. at a lower trophic level is accumulated and concentrated by a predator in a higher trophic level
- Persistance deals with some chemicals that are unstable and degrade quickly and what else?
- Chemicals that are stable, toxic, and stored for a long period of time
- Antagonistic reactions are mostly beneficial
- true
- Which chem. interaction is when one material interfers with the effects or stimulates breakdown of other chem?
- Antagonistic
- When one sub. multiplies the effect of the other?
- Synergistic Reaction
- What does ED 50 show?
- dose which 50 percent show effects
- When dose is given and it 50% of pop die
- LD50
- What happens in a threshold?
- Below it shows no effect and above causes an effect
- Long lasting, result of single, large does or repeated smaller does over long term.
- Chronic
- single exposure and result in immediate health problem
- Acute
- the 4 steps in Risk Assessment
-
1. ID the Hazard
2. Dose at which problem arises
3. Duration of frequency of exposure
4. Risk characterization
-mag of problem for humans and env. - The 3 greenhoue gases
-
CO2
methane
CFC's - The composition and behavior of the troposphere control what?
- weather
- what are long-term weather patterns?
- Climate
- minute particles and liquid droplets
- aerosals
- what is the troposphere?
- the layer of air immediately adjacent to earth's surface
- redistribute heat and moisture around the globe
- Convection currents
- What level has no water vapor and nearly 1,000 times more ozone?
- Stratosphere
- Where the aurora borealis and aurora australis occur.
- Thermosphere
- Contaminants can remain in suspension in the stratosphere for a long time
- true
- What is the current evidence of Climate Change
-
Artic sea ice thinning
alpine glaciers retreating
coral reefs bleaching
sea level rising - What is a positive effect for the winners in Greenhouse effect?
- resident of extreme northern areas would enjoy warmer temp. and longer growing seasons
- The negatives of Greenhouse effect?
-
-1/3 pop. living in areas likely to flood
-plant growth patterns altered
-evaporation may cause storms
-diseases likely to spread faster - What is the most harmful UV rays?
- UVB's which are partially absorbed