card terms
Terms
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- contractions
- the combination of two words into one by elimination one or more sounds and indicating the omission with an apostrophe
- stacked evidence
- representing only one side of an issue that clearly has two sides, which gives a distorted impression of the issue
- epistrophe
- the repetition of a group of words at the end of successive clauses
- deductive reasoning
- the argument lies on fundamental truths, rights or values rather than available evidence
- presenting a false dilemma
- a speaker who poses a choice between two alternatives while looking over the other possibilities
- periphrasis
- the substitute of an attributive word or phrase for a proper name, or the use of a proper name to suggest a personality characteristic
- appositive
- a noun or noun phrase that follows another noun immediately or defines or amplifies its meaning
- asyndeton
- the omission of conjunctions between related clauses (i came, i saw, i conquered)
- periodic sentence
- a sentence with modifying elements included before the verb and/or complement
- oxymoron
- juxtaposed words with seemingly contradictory meanings
- litotes
- understatement
- euphemism
- a nicer way of putting something
- composition
- an argument may claim that what is true of the parts is also true of the whole
- persona
- the mask the author puts on for this piece of writing, the person the author is trying to be percieved as
- anthimeria
- one part of speech, usually a verb, substitutes for another, usually a noun
- rhetor
- a writer or speaker who uses rhetoric
- either/or (false dilemma)
- some arguments are over simplified by the arguer and presented as black-or white, either/or choices when there are actually other alternatives
- hyperbole
- an exaggeration for effect
- compound sentence
- a sentence with two or more independent clauses
- jargon
- the specialized vocabulary of a particular group
- compound-complex sentence
- a sentence with two or more independent clauses and one or more dependent clauses
- antimetabole
- the repetition of words in successive clauses in reverse grammatical order (you can take the boy out of the country, but you can't take the country out of the boy)
- alliteration
- the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning or in the middle of two or more adjacent words
- paradox
- a seming contradiction that on further explanation appears to be true
- creating false needs
- appeal to what people value and think they need
- rhetorical situation
- the convergence in a situation of exigency(the need to write), audience, and purpose
- rhetorical choices
- tools you can use to make rhetoric
- cliche
- a trite overused expression
- anaphora
- the repetition of a group of words at the beginning of successive clauses
- rhetorical question
- a question posed by the speaker or writer not to seek an answer but instead to affirm or deny a point simply by asking a question about it
- ad hominem
- "to the man" attacks a person's character rather than a person's ideas
- connotation
- the cultural definitation of a word
- pathos
- emotional appeal with intent to persuade
- assonance
- the repetition of vowel sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words
- diction
- the author's choice of words, how the culture perseives words
- hasty generalization
- "jumping to conclusions" by basing a conclusion of too few examples
- slippery slope
- a scare tactic that suggests that if we allow one thing to happen, we will immediately be sliding down the sloppery slope to disaster
- tone
- what the author feels about what he/she is writing
- begging the question
- you assume to be true the thing you are trying to prove, circular reasoning
- zuegma
- a trope in which one word, usually a noun or the main verb, governs two other words not related in meaning (he maintained a business and his innocence)
- apocryphal story
- stories that are passed down without any regard for their truth or orgin
- simple sentence
- a sentence with one independent clause and no dependent clause
- rhetorical purpose
- what you are trying to achieve using rhetoric
- irony
- writing or speaking that implies the contrary of what is actually written of spoken
- synecdoche
- a part of something used to refer to the whole
- passive voice
- the voice used to indicate that the grammatical subject of the verb is the recipient (not the source) of the action denoted by the verb
- complex sentence
- a sentence with one independent clause and one or more dependent clauses
- straw man
- attributing an argument to an opponent that the opponent never made and then refuting it in a devastating way
- faulty analogy
- claims that things that resemble one another in certain repects resemble one another in further respects
- syllogism
- major premise, minor premise, conclusion
- non sequitur
- (logic) a conclusion that does not follow from the premises
- allegory
- a story or situation in which all things represent both themselves and something bigger
- inductive reasoning
- drawing a conclusion based on specific evidence (scientific evidence)
- parenthesis
- an insertion of material that interrupts the typical flow of a sentence
- logos
- logical appeal with intent to persuade, the effectiveness of logical argument depends in large part on weather or not the main assumption or premise is valid or acceptable
- simile
- a type of comparison that used the word like or as
- SOAPSTone
- an acronym for analyzing texts;S-subject, O-occasion, A-Audience, P-Purpose, S-speaker, Tone
- apostrophes
- when a character or auther speaks directly to something that are not present
- bandwagon appeal
- the argument is that everyone is doing something, so you should too
- onomatopoeia
- sounds of the words used are related to their meaning
- allusion
- a reference to a piece of literature historical icon,person place thing or event that suggests a wider frame of reference or greater depth of meaning
- parallel construction
- a set of similarly structured words, phrases, or clauses that appears in a sentence or paragraph
- red herring
- any diversion intended to distract attention from the main issue
- aphoristic statement
- a short pithy statement
- anadiplosis
- the repetition of the last word of one clause at the beginning of the following clause
- loose sentence
- a sentence that adds modifying elements after the subject, verb, and complement
- appeal to pity
- only using pathos to form an argument
- antithesis
- the juxtaposition of contrasting words or ideas
- climax
- the arrangement of words, phrases, or clauses in order of increasing number or importance
- equivocation
- when a word is used in two different senses in an argument
- enthymeme
- a syllogism where the major premise is not stated
- rhetoric
- the specific features of texts, written or spoken, that cause them to be meaningful, purposeful, and effective for readers or listeners in a given situation
- ethos
- designed to persuade through the author's expierence or credibility
- metonymy
- an entity referred to by one of its attributes or associations
- appeal to ignorance
- using an opponent's inability to disprove a conclusion as proof of the conclusion's correctness or incorrectness
- posthoc, ergo propter hoc
- the fallacy of false cause, Literally "after this (in time) therefore because of this." a common error made in thinking about causation: If Event A happens before Event B, it is not necessarily true that A caused B.
- consonance
- the repetition of consonant sounds in the stressed syllables of two or more adjacent words
- personification
- the giving of human characteristics to inanimate objects
- ellipses
- the omission of words, the meaning or which is provided by the overall context of a passage
- metaphor
- an implied comparison that does not use the word like or as
- using authority instead of evidence
- the arguer relies on personal authority to prove a point rather than on evidence
- appeal to authority
- appeal based on professionals perspective
- sibilance
- the repetition of the s sound
- division
- that is true of the whole is true of the parts
- appeal to fear
- to use the threat of harm to advance one's position
- guilt by association
- suggests that people's character can be judged by examining the character of their associates
- appeal to tradition
- an argument that something must be true because it is part of an established tradition