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Terms
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- Aleatoric
- Sequencing and repetition up to performers Indeterminancy – chance music COWELL
- Beggar's Opera
- An 18th-century English satiric ballad opera by John Gay. WEILL/BRECHT (Three-penny opera)
- Bertolt Brecht
- European poet, playwright, and theatre director. Marxist / used theatre for politics Developed ‘epic theatre’ WEILL (Three-penny Opera)
- Chromatic System
- uses the Fibonacci series (MUSPAC first movement uses this system) Night Music BARTOK
- Diatonic System
- uses the upper part of the overtone series: 1 2 3 ♯4 5 6 â™7 8 creates a brighter, more extroverted effect (MUSPAC fourth movement uses this system) BARTOK
- combinatoriality
- A row and one of its transformations combine to form a pair of aggregates. SCHOENBERG
- dodecaphonic
- A method of composition that holds all twelve tones of the chromatic scale available for use. SCHOENBERG
- Fibonacci series
- By definition, the first two Fibonacci numbers are 0 and 1, and each remaining number is the sum of the previous two. BARTOK (MUSPAC: I)
- Gebrauchsmusik
- (literally, “music for useâ€) Music is something to be played rather than just listened to, and to be played by amateurs and as well as professionals. HINDEMITH
- Georg Büchner
- A nineteenth-century German dramatist who died before finishing the play Woyzeck BERG Wozzeck.
- golden mean
- Ratio occurring in nature, architecture and art - beautiful to humans. Music: expansion of tonality BARTOK
- hexachord
- A collection of six pitch classes including six-note segments of a scale or tone row SCHOENBERG
- Jean Cocteau
- 20th century Surrealist poet and artist SATIE (wrote one-act scenario for Parade) MILHAUD (Le boeuf sur le toit)
- Les Six
- French composers whose music is often seen as a reaction against the musical style of Wagner and impressionism. (Poulenc, Milhaud, Honegger, Durey, Tailleferre, Auric)
- metrical modulation
- Precisely shifting from one tempo to another CARTER
- Nadia Boulanger
- Composer, conductor, and music educator who taught many important 20th century composers and conductors COPLAND
- night music
- An impressionistic style used mostly in slow movements, characterized by fragmented melodies within a static harmonic framework (in the style of Liszt and Debussy) BARTOK
- palindrome
- AKA “arch form†a structure based on repetition, in reverse order; the overall form is symmetric BARTOK
- pitch class
- Any one of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale, including its enharmonic equivalents, in any octave SCHOENBERG
- tone row
- A non-repetitive ordering of the twelve notes of the chromatic scale SCHOENBERG
- Zeitoper
- A realistic, socially-conscious “opera of its timeâ€; allusions to pop and jazz; similar to opera buffa HINDEMITH
- dada
- ⬢ ORIGIN: WWI Switzerland. ⬢ INFLUENCES: Anti-traditionalism of the Italian Futurists ⬢ ATTEMPTED ACHIEVEMENTS: Anti-war, Anti-art, Anti-technology Anti-rational TECHNIQUES: Satirization and ridicule. ⬢ COMPOSERS: SATIE AND LES SIX
- surrealism
- (term coined by French writer Apollinaire) ⬢ ORIGIN: Founded in 1924 by Breton (in Paris), developed out of Dada ⬢ ATTEMPTED ACHIEVEMENTS: Visual imagery from the subconscious mind to create art without comprehensibility; anti-logical ⬢ COMPOSERS: TAILLEFERRE AND SATIE
- neo-classicism
- ⬢ ORIGIN: Popular in the period between the two World Wars ⬢ DEFINITION: Composers drew inspiration from music of the classical/baroque periods ⬢ ATTEMPTED ACHIEVEMENTS: Reaction against Romanticism - makes a return to balanced forms ⬢ COMPOSERS: SATIE AND STRAVINSKY
- social realism
- ⬢ ORIGIN: 1930s Russia ⬢ DEFINITION: Depicted the proletariat struggle and heroically emphasized the values of the loyal communist workers. ⬢ ATTEMPTED ACHIEVEMENTS: Spread the image of optimism and the importance of productiveness, creating a strong sense of nationalism and patriotism, to produce a successful socialist nation. LENIN/STALIN ⬢ COMPOSERS: PROKOFIEV AND SHOSTAKOVICH
- futurism
- ⬢ ORIGIN: Early 20th century Italy - Marinetti ⬢ DEFINITION: Throwing out all previous conceptions of art in order to develop a new kind, suitable for an age based upon technology; advocated the used of microtonal scales and polyrhythmic combinations. ⬢ ATTEMPTED ACHIEVEMENTS: To create music that paid homage to, included or imitated machines ⬢ COMPOSERS: RUSSOLO, MARINETTI
- 12-tone composition
- ⬢ DEFINITION: Composition method devised by Arnold Schoenberg. A means of ensuring that all 12 notes of the chromatic scale are sounded as often as one another in a piece of music while preventing the emphasis of any pitch through the use of tone rows, an ordering of the 12 pitches. All 12 notes are thus given more or less equal importance, and the music avoids being in a key. ⬢ ATTEMPTED ACHIEVEMENTS: New basis for musical structure to replace the old basis of tonality, which was being stretched and distorted too much to remain a unifying structural principle. ⬢ COMPOSERS: SCHOENBERG / SECOND VIENNESE SCHOOL
- Parade
- Satie, 1920 GENRE: BALLET COLLABORATION: Satie, Cocteau, Picasso and Massine GENRE: Ballet was composed for Serge Diaghilev's Ballets Russes INFLUENCES: Popular types of music, including jazz. REVOLUTIONARY: Brought common street entertainments to the elite. Defined the “new spirit†of postwar France. The score contained several "noise-making" instruments (typewriter, foghorn, an assortment of milk bottles).
- L'Histoire du Soldat
- Stravinsky, 1920 GENRE: THEATRICAL WORK LIBRETTO: Adaptation of Russian folktale by Ramuz STORY: Fable of a fiddle-playing soldier who matches wits with the devil NEO-CLASSICAL: It uses a small ensemble (septet) and features a musical style reduced to the essentials.
- Le boeuf sur le toit
- Milhaud, 1920 GENRE: SURREALIST BALLET FACT: SCENARIO BY COCTEAU
- Suite for Piano, op. 25
- Schoenberg, 1920 REVOLUTIONARY: Each of the six movements is dodecaphonic. Each movement title has a Baroque name. Schoenberg’s first 12-tone piece.
- Wozzeck
- Berg, 1920 GENRE: OPERA STORY: Based on the drama Woyzeck by the 19th-century Austrian writer and political activist Büchner. MODERN: In conception, content, and structure, the play is remarkably modern. OPERA: The opera is ironic and bitter, based on the modern theme of revenge after infidelity. The dramatic power of Wozzeck, and the sympathy and compassion for the title character its music communicates, has made it among the most successful of all twentieth-century operas.
- Les Biches
- Poulenc, 1920 GENRE: BALLET FACT: COMMISSIONED BY DIAGHILEV FOR THE BALLETS RUSSES
- Symphonie Op. 21
- Webern, 1930 GENRE: SYMPHONY REVOLUTIONARY: The work marks the beginning of a period of extreme compression in Webern's music (2 short movements) STRUCTURE: 12-tone. Canons, symmetries, palindromes. Based on a single series dominated by semitones.
- Threepenny Opera
- Weill, 1930 GENRE: MUSICAL BACKGROUND: By dramatist Brecht and composer Weill. Adapted from an 18th-century English ballad opera, The Beggar's Opera (John Gay). The musical is a satirical work of political theatre which leaves its audience with a dim view of human-kind. STORY: Set in the post-war era in London, the play focuses on petty criminals vs. serious criminals. Macheath (Mack the Knife), a criminal, marries Polly Peachum. This displeases her father, who controls the beggars of London, and he tries to get Macheath killed, even though Macheath has ties with the Chief of Police. Eventually, Macheath is arrested and sentenced despite this. At the last minute, Macheath escapes death by the Queen’s pardon. MUSIC: The Three-Penny Opera is highly influenced by jazz. It is scored for 11 musicians on 23 different instruments (the instrumentation is heterogeneous). The style is similar to Satie’s. REVOLUTIONARY: May be considered part of the New Objectivity movement (anti-virtuoso; meant to appeal to everyone). Here Weill’s populist song style simultaneously achieved new heights of simplicity and sophistication.
- Ionisation
- Varese, 1930 GENRE: PERCUSSION PIECE ENSEMBLE: Written for thirteen percussionists, REVOLUTIONARY: The first concert hall composition for percussion ensemble alone STRUCTURE: Ionisation features the expansion and variation of rhythmic cells
- MUSPAC
- Bartok, 1940 GENRE: Symphonic Suite REVOLUTIONARY: The first movement is a symmetric, palindromic fugue. Bartok drew on folk music as a source of ideas for renewing modern music.
- Peter Grimes
- Britten, 1940 GENRE: OPERA FACT: GRIMES IS PERSECUTED FOR HIS DIFFERENCES, MIRRORS BRITTEN’S LIFE
- Symphony No. 5
- Shostakovich, 1940 GENRE: SYMPHONY FACT: RESPONSE TO ATTACKS AFTER LADY MACBETH