chapter 23
Terms
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- Siemens brothers
- German brothers who established branches of their electrical firm in England, Germany, and Russia.
- Max Planck
- author of quantum theory
- Realism
- movement in literature and painting that aimed at the objective reproduction of reality without idealization
- Auguste Comte
- French thinker, inventor of the word sociology and proponent of positivism
- olga semyonova tian-shanskaia
- russian ethnographer who collected folk songs and important data on the russian peasantry
- Herbert Spencer
- English philosopher and political theorist who cointed the phrase "survival of the fittest"
- Gustav Klimt
- Viennese painter whose portraits integrated rich abstract patterns with realistic and expressive human faces
- Fyodor Dostoevsky
- Russian Realist novelist whose expansive narratives examine conscience, character, and redemption
- Impressionism
- Artistic movement in France beginning in the 1870s that aimed to reproduce the painter's impression of light on a scene
- feminism
- movement for equal rights for women, including legal equality and the right to vote
- theory of relativity
- theory stating that the speed of light is always constant while distance and time are relative to the observer
- Florence Nightingale
- English reformer and creator of nursing as a profession who was instrumental in creating hygienic, well-organized hospitals
- albet einstein
- german physicist most famous for his theory of relativity
- leisure
- time for relaxation or recreation, new in the later 19th century owing to industrial and social advances
- lithography
- printing method used widely from the 1830s that produced text and color images used in posters and illustrated magazines
- Suez Canal
- An artificial waterway connecting the Red Sea and the Mediterranean, built by the British and French and opened in 1869
- John Snow
- English physician who proved that cholera is spread by drinking water and who pioneered the use of chloroform to deaden pain
- Emile Durkheim
- French sociologist influenced by positivism who used empirical methods and statsitcs to study society
- Thomas Edison
- American inventor of the microphone, record player, and the first commercially practical light bulb
- Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec
- French artist who created bright and compelling posters advertising nightclub singers and dance halls
- Marie Curie
- Polish-born chemist and physicist who studied radioactivity and radium, the winner of two Nobel prizes
- Bon Marche
- First department store, opened in Paris in 1852 and catered primarily to middle-class people
- charles darwin
- English scientist who formulated the theory of natural selection and authored On the Origin of Species
- Jean-Francois Millet
- French painter concerned with depicting social problems in a realistic style
- Emmeline Pankhurst
- English crusader for women's suffrage who was often arrested for her radical activities
- Louis Pasteur
- French scientist who developed a process for heating liquids to kill disease-casuing
- Ilya Repin
- Russian Realist artist who specialized in painting enormous scenes from Russian past and contemporary life
- Gregor Mendel
- Austrian monk credited with the discovery of theory of genetic heredity
- empiricsm
- belief that all knowledge can be derived from scientific observation
- lubok
- brightly colored print, often of a religious or historical scene, mass-produced and sold by peddlers to Russian peasants
- Morse code
- system combining dots and dashes representing letters, invented by the American Samuel Morse for sending messages over the electrical telegraph
- positivism
- comte's philosophy of knowledge emphasizing empirical observation and the idea that all natural and human phenomena can be explained in scientific terms
- futurists
- artistic movement beginning in 1909 with a "manifesto" that stressed energy, movement, even violence in visual and literary art.
- magic lantern
- early form of the modern slide projector that projected images painted on glass plates onto a screen
- Salon de Paris
- Exhibition of paintings sponsored every otehr year by the academy of Painting and Sculpture.
- Sir charles Lyell
- english geologist whose Principle of Geology suggested that the world must be far older than hitherto imagined
- mass society
- modern society characterized by universal legal rights, education, a large middle calss, and a high level of equality among classes
- Guglielmo Marconi
- Italian physicist best known for perfection of radio; awarded the Nobel Prize in physics in 1909
- Rosa Luxemburg
- Polish-Jewish socialist who worked with V.I. Lenin and was murdered in 1919 by right-wing nationalists after a communist uprising in berlin
- Trans-Siberian Railroad
- russias ambitious railway project connecting Moscow with the Pacific Ocean, begun in 1891 and completed in 1916, which caused friction with Japan
- friedrich nietzsche
- german philosopher renowned for his demand for a complete revision of human ethics and who notoriously despised mass society
- Pablo Picasso
- Spanish painter, founder of the Cubist school, and lifelong experimenter with abstract techniques
- Siemens-Martin (open hearth) process
- Technological advance that allowed mass production of steel
- Claude Monet
- French Impressionist painter best known for his studies of light on landscapes, such as haystacks and the Rouen Cathedral
- white-collar
- employment that does not involve physical labor, such as that of professionals and office workers.
- eugenics
- Pseudoscience aiming to improve humanity by encouraging tose with desirable traits to reproduce; now discredited as racist
- Crystal Palace Exhibition
- Great Exhibition of the Works of Industry of All Nations, opened in London's Crystal Palace in 1851
- Panama Canal
- An artificial waterway connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, built from 1904 to 1914 by American military engineers.
- John D. Rockefeller
- founder of the Standard Oil Company, which dominated the American petroleum market
- abstract art
- art depicting the artists view of the world through free use of color and shapes
- Arts and Crafts movement
- Effort led by English artist and designer william morris to merge beautiful design and workmanship with industrial techniques
- Edouard Manet
- French painter who chose scandalous subjects and influenced the later Impressionists
- sigmund freud
- emphasized the role of fundamental and prerational drives, icluding sexual desire, in human behavior
- Honore Daumier
- French artist best known for his bitingly sarcastic caricatures of contemporary political figures and bourgeois society
- Robert Koch
- German bacteriologist who established that many diseases like anthrax, tuberculosis, and cholera were caused by bacterial infections
- Cubists
- painters who challenged traditional realism by breaking up three-dimensional figures into different "cubes"
- social Darwinists
- Theorists who applied Darwin's theory of natural selection to human society, arguing that poorer and weaker segments of society desrved their fate.
- max weber
- german sociologist who considered religious belief, charisma, and bureaucracy central influences on political and social life
- repression
- freuds theory that memories and desires not acknowledged by a person's conscious thoguht can lead to physical and mental disorders
- copyright
- legal protection for authors and artists, giving them specific rights to profit from the works they create
- shtetls
- towns inhabited mainly by jews