Chapter 2 - How Psychologists Do Research
Terms
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- Excessive anxiety can be caused by a chemical imbalance falls under what Psychological perspective?
- Biological
- What is a CONTROLLED CONDITION?
- A testing situation where subjects are not exposed to the same treatment, or manipulation of an independent variable.
- what is RANDOM ASSIGNMENT?
- The randomly assigning subjects as numbers and putting those with even numbers in one group and those with odd numbers in another.
- What is a PLACEBO?
- A fake treatment, i.e. pills or injections with no active ingredients.
- What is the purpose of a SURVEY?
- Gathering of information by asking other people directly about their opinions, experiences and attitudes.
- What is a REPRESENTATIVE SAMPLE?
- A group of subjects that accurately represents the larger population.
- What is VOLUNTEER BIAS:
- People who feel strongly enough to volunteer their opinions may differ from those who remain silent.
- CORRELATION is?
- Used a synonym for relationship; technically, it is a numerical measure of the STRENGTH of the relationship between two things.
- What is an EXPERIMENT?
- A controlled test of a hypothesis in which the researcher manipulates one variable to discover its effoect on another.
- Describe PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTS:
- AKA Assessment Tests are procedures for measuring and evaluating personality traits, emotional states, aptitudes, interests, abilities and values.
- Describe OBJEXTIVE TESTS:
- Tests that are designed to tap unconscious feelings or motives.
- Describe RELIABILITY:
- The ability to reconstruct results from one time or another or different place or another.
- Describe NATURALISTIC STUDIES:
- Determination as to how study's act in their own normal environment.
- Describe LABORATORY OBSERVATION:
- A preference of some psychologists to perform observerations in a laboratory environment that is provided by their own personal control.
- Describe DESCRIPTIVE METHODS
- Description/prediction of behavior but not necessarily to choose one explanation over competing ones.
- Describe OBSERVATIONAL STUDY:
- Observation, Measurement and Recording of behavior taking care to avoid to intruding on the study.
- Define OPERATIONAL DEFINITION:
- Specifies how the phenomena in question are to be observed and measured.
- Define PRINCIPLE OF FALSIABILITY:
- The principle that a scientific theory must make predictions that are specific enough to expose the theory to the possibility of dis-confirmation; that is, the theory must predict not only what will happen, but also what will not happen.
- Describe CONFIRMATION BIAS:
- The tendency to look for or pay attention only to information that confirms one's own belief.
- Describe CASE STUDY:
- A detailed description of a particular individual, based on careful observation or on formal psychological testing
- Describe THEORY:
- An organized system of assumptions and principles that purports to explain a specified set of phenomena and their interrelationships.
- Describe HYPOTHESIS:
- A statement that attempts to predict or to account for a set of phenomena; scientific hypotheses specify relationships among events or variables and are empirically tested.
- What is CRITICAL THINKING?
- The ability and willingness to assess claims and make judgments on the basis of well-supported reason and evidence, rather than emotion or anecdote.
- What is PHRENOLOGY?
- The discredited theory that differnt brain areas account for character and personality traits, which can "read" from bumps on the skull.
- Define PSYCOTHERAPIST:
- A person who does psychotherapy; may have anything from no degree to an advanced professional degree; the term is unregulated.
- Define APPLIED PSYHCOLOGY:
-
"The study of psychological issues that have direct practical significance; also
the application of psychological findings. - Describe the BIOLOGICAL perspective:
- A psychological approach that emphasizes bodily events and changes associated with actions, feelings, and thoughts.
- Describe the COGNITIVE perspective:
- A psychological approach that emphasizes mental processes in perception, memory, language, problem solving and other areas of behavior.
- Describe the LEARNING perspective:
- A psychological approach that emphasizes mental process in perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior.
- Describe the PSYCHODYNAMIC perspective:
- A psychological approach that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy.
- Describe the SOCIOCULTURAL perspective:
- A psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural influences on behavior.
- Define FUNCTIONALISM:
- An early psychological approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness. Led by William James.
- Define STRUCTULRISM:
- An early psychological approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements. Led by E.B. Tichner
- What are the FIVE major PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES:
-
1. Biological
2. Learning
3. Cognitive
4. Sociocultural
5. Psychodynamic - What is the function of a DEVELOPMENTAL Psychologist:
- Study how people change and grow over time - physically, mentally, and socially.
- What is the function of an EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST?
- Study psychological principles that explain learning and search for ways to improve educational systems.
- What is the function of an EXPERIMENTAL PSYHCOLOGIST?
- Conducts laboratory studies of learning, motivation, emotion, sensation and perception, physiology, and cognition.
- What is the function of an INDUSTRIAL/ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGIST:
- Study behaviors in the workplace. They are concerned with group decision making, employee morale, work motivation, productivity, job stress, personnel selection, marketing strategies, equipment design, etc.
- What is FEMINIST PSYCHOLOGY?
- A psychological approach that analyzes the influence of social inequities on gender relations and on the behavior of the two sexes.
- What is HUMANIST PSYCHOLOGY?
- A psychological approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential, rather than the scientific understanding and assessment of behavior.
- What is a CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST:
- Diagnoses, treats, and/or studies mental and emotional problems.both mild and sever; has a Ph.D., and Ed.D., or a Psy.D.
- What is a PSYCHIATRIST:
- Does work similar to that of a clinical psychologist but is like to take a more biological approach; has a medical degree (MD) with a speciality in Psychiatry.
- What is a Psychoanlayst:
- Practices psychoanalysis; has specific training in this approach after an advanced degree (usually, but not always, an M.D., or a Ph.D.); may treat any kind of emotional disorder or pathology.
- Who is generally accredited as being the Father of Psychology and why?
- Dr. Wilhelm Wundt [VIL-helm Voont] (1832-1920) established the first psychological laboratory in Leipzig, Germany in 1879. Was most notably known for his intent to define psychology a science in 1873.
- A national emphasis on competition and success promotes anxiety about failure falls under what Psychological perspecdtive?
- Sociocultural
- Anxiety is due to forbidden unconscious desires falls under what Psychological perspective?
- Psychodynamic
- Anxiety symptoms often bring hidden rewards, such as being excused from exams falls under what Psychological perspective?
- Behviorial
- Anxious people often think about the future in distorted ways falls under what Psychological perspective?
- Cognitive
- What is EMPIRICAL evidence?
- Relying on or derived from observation, experimention, or measurement.
- Define PSYCHOBABBLE:
- Psuedoscience and quackery covered by a veneer of psychological language.
- What is the function of a CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGIST?
- Performs Psychotherapy and sometimes research; may work in private practice, mental health clinics, general hospitals, mental hospitals, research labs, and/or college/university settings.
- Define: TRAINED INTROSPECTION
- An early psychological practice established by Wundt that focused on observation, analysis and description of sensations, mental images, and emotions. Later, this process was rejected as being TOO subjective.
- Define PPSYCHOLOGY
- The science of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism's physical state, mental state, and external environment.
- Describe STANDARDIZED TEST:
- Whether uniform procedures exist for giving and scoring the test.