Music Appreciation final ch. 15-22
Terms
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- What was different about the Romantic period?
- harmony is more richer to enhance melody..more modulations used and progression which were forbidden
- What is chromatism? and what period was it used?
- Romantic period. It is a term for a style that liberally employs all twelve notes of the chromatic scale.
- What happened to the orchestra and why?
- there was an expansion of instruments used. this happened to blend tone colors and to add more variety to composition and enriched color
- What sections of the orchestra were expanded in instruments in the Romantic period? what else was added?
- expanded percussion, woodwinds and brass sections, also added 2 harps
- What is program music and what is it written in association to?
- it is a term for nonvocal music written in association with a poem, a story, or some other literary source-or even just a highly suggestive word or 2
- What differed about the form in the Romantic period?
- the form was used much more freely, sonata more free, and more freedom to express individual feelings
- What are miniatures? How were they titled and how long did they usually last?
- pieces lasting only a few minutes, 5-10 minutes. named after ppl. or songs
- What are "grandiose" compositions?
- larger and larger symphonies, cantatas and son on with more and more movements, increased performing forces, and longer total time span. 1 1/2 hrs long sometimes
- What is the principle of thematic unity?
- sometimes use the same thematic material more than once throughout the composition..for ex. repeat theme from 1st movement in last movement
- What periods did Beethoven compose in?
- Classical and Romantic
- Who was Schubert and what did he do? when did he die and when was he born?
- Schubert was born in 1797-1828, composed 700 songs, also wrote chamber music, wrote unfinished symphony, piano and cello sonatas
- What is the lied?
- a particular type of German song that evolved in the late eighteenth century and flourished in the nineteenth. had to be sung and accompanied by piano
- Who was the master of the lied?
- Franz Schubert
- Who is Robert Schumman?
- wrote cycles of songs, also was a critic founded magazine that wrote music, discovered Chopin
- What were two personalities taken on by a composer? and what composer was this?
- Eusebius and Florestan, Schumman
- Who is Frederic Chopin?
- mostly wrote for piano, born in Poland (half french, polish). elegance & refinement of French music, Romantic sound produced by him
- What all did Chopin write?
- 21 nocturnes, 3 piano sonatas, wrote cell sonatas, ballads, preludes , most famous for writing character pieces for sonata
- What are nocturnes? and what composer wrote them?
- night piece, written thourghout his career, Chopin
- Who is Franz Liszt?
- Hungarian one of the greatest composers, he was most popular of concerts, at the end of his life he began to write symphony orchestra music, wrote Hungarian Rhapsody, symphony poems
- What did Felix Mendelsohnne write? and who is he?
- composed since early age, wrote concert overtures written in sonata forms
- What are concert overtures? give an example of one written by Felix Mendelsohnne.
-
genre resembling an opera overture without any opera,
a Midsummer night's dream - What did Hector Belioz write?
- Fantastic symphony, program symphonies
- What is the difference between a program symphony and a regular symphony?
- has 5 movements
- How did Hector Belioz write his music?
- had the theme repeating in all the movements and his tone colors gave great effects.
- In every big city was it built?
- an opera house as a landmark
- What influenced Romantic opera? and what is the difference
- Baroque and Classical periods, more melodic style
- Who are the most famous composers in Italy? and who was the most famous of them all?
- Donizetti, Bellini, Rossini, Verdi, Verdi
- What is significant in Romantic period to write? and what is it called?
- beautiful melody-fel canto
- What was Rossini most famous for?
- opera-"Lucia Delamermoor" the only arias of opera
- Who was Verdi?
- popular, started writing operas late, most popular w/Italians, wrote Aida, most famous opera connected with arais
- What are the most famous operas?
- Il trouverato, Aida, La Traviata, Otello, Rigoletto, and Falstoff
- Who was Richard Wagner?
- wrote operas, popular, very difficult to stage opera because they were long.
- What musical drama did Richard Wagner composer? what was is it based on?
- "Total Work of Art" aka "Gesamtkunstwerk", medieval legend
- What was Wagner's name for a distinctive type of opera?
- musical drama because the operas were so long and hard to listen to
- What other story did Wagner compose? what did he use for it?
- Tristan and Iso-story, leitmotiv
- What is leitmotiv?
- a musical motive associated with some person, thing, idea or symbol in the drama.
- Who was Chaikorsky?
- Russian nationalist composer, incorporated folk melodies into the symphony
- What did Chaikorsky write?
- 6 symphonies, symphonic poems
- What are symphonic poems?
- a one-movement orchestral composition with a program in a free musical form
- What is nationalism?
- musical movement, the incorporation of national folk music into concert pieces, songs and operas.
- What did Modest Musorgsky write?
- Pictures at an Exhibition-a miniature for piano, also wrote opera
- Who originally wrote Pictures at an Exhibition?
- RAvel
- What was the first melody and miniature of Pictures at an Exhibition?
- Promenadte-stroll around viewing the gallery
- What else did Chaikorsky write?
- "Swanlake"
- Who was Brahms?
- one of the greatest Romantic composers, writing quartets, trios, piano miniatures, symphonies are loved
- What did Brahms write?
- a violin concerto, wrote 2 cello sonatas, 3 trios
- What did Mahler write?
- mostly wrote symphonies, sympony is entire world, Funeral Marche
- What changed about music in the 20th century?
- harmony began supporting melody, and tonality clarified melody and harmony and organized the music
- What did they start to use in the 20th century? and what are they?
- pentatonic scale-use just 5 notes, 12 tone-using 12 tones in relation to one another.quarter tone
- Who invented 12-tone scale?
- Schoenberg
- What is serialism and when was it being used?
- 20th century, an ordered sequence of the 12 pitches (series of pitches)
- What kind of school was formed in which Schoenberg taught and who were two of his students?
- 2nd Vietnamese school, Antor Von Weben and Alban Berg
- What is the quarter-tone scale?
- employs all the pitches of the chromatic scale plus the pitches that come halfway between each pair of them
- What is tonality?
- is the feeling of centrality, focus, or "homing" toward a particular pitch that we get from simple tunes and much other music end with "c"
- What is atonal?
- some music reached a point at which no tonal center could be detected at all
- What is the Emanicipation of Dissonance?
- as melody grew more complex, more fragmentary or more vague, harmony grew more and more dissonant.
- Describe Stravinsky's ballads and name 3.
- lack of emotions in his music, Firebird, Petrushka, and The Rite of Spring
- What are two composers from the impressionistic era?
- Claude Debussy and Maurice Ravel
- Who is Claude Debussy?
- blends colors, melodies became less apparent and fragmented, harmonies overshadow melody, smoothness, French music
- Who were some famous composers of the 20th century?
- Serge Rachmaninov, Giacoma, Puccinni, Tosca
- Who is considered the greatest composer of the 20th century?
- Igor Stravinsky
- Who was Bela Bartok?
- hungarian composer pianist and successfully incorporated folk music into his music, used gypsy and Hungarian songs
- Who is Dmitri Schostakovich?
- wrote 1st symphony at 17 and performed in America, wrote in classical genres connected w/life, compared to Mozart, music is full of pain and suffering b/c of soviet union, romantic and modern
- who is Aaron Copeland?
- student of natalia Boulanger, formed Composer's Alliance, thought music should sell to ppl. embraced all kinds of styles
- Who is John Cage?
- used external surroundings for music, 4 min. and 33 sec. of silence
- Who is George Crumb?
- wrote "Black Angels" wrote sonatas