Bio Study Questions (1st test)
Terms
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- This element is in diamonds and soot
- carbon
- anything that has mass and occupies space is ____________
- matter
- what is order?
- the complex arrangement of atoms and the interactions among molecules
- one of the fundamental "kinds" of matter, cannot be broken down to other substances by chemical means.
- element
- a fundamental unit of matter, each element has its own unique type
- atom
- carbon forms _____ bonds to become stable.
- four
- a substance consisting of two or more elements combined in a FIXED RATIO
- compound
- two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
- molecule
- true/false: a molecule can be composed of two or more of the SAME OR DIFFERENT atoms
- true
- Diversity of matter is not due to the number of elements but instead______________________
- the virtually infinite ways of arranging them
- True/False: the properties of compounds are different from the properties of elements that compose them.
- True
- Atomic # of Hydrogen
- 1
- Atomic # of Carbon
- 6
- Atomic number of Nitrogen
- 7
- Atomic # of oxygen
- 8
- Atomic # of phosphorus
- 15
- Atomic # of Sulfur
- 16
- What are the 6 elements that compose 99% of all biomolecules?
-
SPONCH-
Sulfur,phosphorous, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen - The number of protons in an atom is...
- the atomic number
- distinct amounds of energy for electrons which keep them at relative distances from the nucleus
- shells.
- a bond in which a 2 electrons are chared by two atoms
- covalent bond
- __________ are the most important for determining bonding properties
- electrons
- _______ shells must be full before electrons can exist in more distant shells.
- closer
- _______ electrons are the only electrons that interact to form bonds
- unpaired valence electrons
- this element is the framework for all biomolecules
- carbon
- What is the smallest element that can form 4 bonds?
- Carbon
- Nitrogen forms _____ bonds to become stable
- 3
- Hydrogen forms ____ chemical bond to become stable
- 1
- The simplest and most abundant element is __________
- Hydrogen
- Oxygen forms ___ bonds to become stable.
- 2
- True/False: oxygen is about 65% of your weight
- true (water molecules)
- oxygen is about ___ percent of the atmosphere
- 21%
- Sulphur forms ___ bonds to become stable
- 2
- which element doesnt play by the bonding rules?
- Phosphorus
- Unity lies in the _____________ levels of organization
- lower
- What are emergent properties?
- properties that appear at a certain level because of the specific arrangement/interaction of the parts on the levels below.
- At what level does the property of being "alive" emerge?
- cell
- what are the seven attributes of life?
-
order
reproduction
development
energy utilization
response to the enviornment
homeostasis
evolutionary adaption - What is the cell theory?
-
All living things are made of cells.
Cells arise only by the division of already existing cells. - What are the two types of cell architecture?
- prokaryotic and eukaryotic
- what are the three main differences between Eukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells?
-
Prokaryotic- bacteria and archea
nucleus lacks membrane
no membranous organelles - what are cells commonly measured in?
- micrometers
- micrometers are _______ of a millimeter
- 1/1000
- 1/1000 of a micrometer is a
- nanometer
- nanometers are good for measuring ______
- organelles
- Why are cells so small? (2 main points)
-
when things get bigger, the surface to volume ratio decreases.
- if something in the middle of the cell had to get out, would take too long, surface:volume ratio needs to be high. - What are the two ways we study cells? (since theyre so small)
-
Fractionation
Microscopy - Instrument used for fractionation
- centrifuge
- What is resolution?
- The clarity of an image, the minimum distance two points can be apart and still be considered two points
- Electron microscopes use __________________ rather than light
- a beam of electrons
- Electron microscops focus using ________________ rather than _________
-
electromagnetic "lenses"
glass - electron microscopes have detection via _____________________________________
- conversion of the "electon shadow" to a visible image
- what are three disadvantages of electron microscopes?
-
-material cannot be alive;no motion
-no color
-expensive - what is the main advantage of electron microscopes?
- greatly improved resolution
- (True/False) The molecules making up cells and their parts contain the same types of atoms found in the non-living world and obey the same chemical laws.
- True
- The difference between living and non living systems is...
- order
- a compound containing ionic bonds is a
- salt
- what is the most common element by weight in dehydrated cells?
- carbon
- an atom or molecule with a net charge is
- an ion
- Atoms become charged by...
- losing of gaining electrons
- an electrical attraction holding oppositely charged ions together is an...
- ionic bond
- True/False: ionic bonds have to form at the same time atoms ionize.
- false
- an atoms gain or loss of electron/s is
- ionization
- salts exist in the structure of
- crystals
- these salt crystals have a definite _______ but not definite _________
- ratio, size
- a covalent molecule with a net charge is a
- complex ion
- Complex ions often form when ________________
- molecules gain or lose hydrogen ions.
- when a hydrogen dissociates, it leaves its __________ behind
- electron
- Hydrogen bonds are (continuously changing/unchanging) bonds
- continuously changing
- True/False: complex bonds can bond ionically to form salts.
- true
- True/False: A large molecule can contain ionized groups, both + and -
- true
- true/false: ionic bonds cannot bond within or between molecules
- false
- ionic bonding within and between molecules _______________ and ___________
- stabilizes shape, allows interactions
- covalent bonds in which the electrons are shared unequally between atons with different electronegativity.
- polar covalent bonds
- the strength with which an aton holds electrons in a covalent bond
- electronegativity
- Because electrons tend to stay nearer to the atom with greater electronegativity, that end of the bond has a slight _______________
- negative character
-
Which atom has greater electronegativity?
Carbon and Hydrogen - neither, it is equal (it is a polar covalent bond)
-
Which atom has greater electronegativity?
Oxygen and Hydrogen - Oxygen
-
Which atom has greater electronegativity?
Sulfur and Hydrogen - Sulfur
-
Which atom has greater electronegativity?
Nitrogen and hydrogen - Nitrogen
- A molecule containing significant "charge separation" due to one or more polar bonds is...
- a polar molecule