Religious Studies Midterm Exam Terms
Terms
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- What is monotheism?
- the belief in one God
- What is polytheism?
- The belief in many gods.
- What is atheism?
- The belief in no god.
- What is agnosticism?
- We cannot know whether there is a god or not.
- What is monolatry?
- The belief in many gods, but worship of only one.
- What is henotheism?
- Devotion to one "God," with the acceptance of the existance of other gods.
- What is theism?
- Beleif in gods or deities.
- What is deism?
- Beleif in a personal God or gods.
- What is pantheism?
- God is in everything.
- What is animism?
- Nature is alive with soul
- What was E.B. Tylor's theory of religion?
- animism>ancestor worship>polytheism>monotheism
- What is mana?
- life force
- What was Karl Marx's view of religion?
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-People create religion
-Keeps the opressed from revolting - What is Sigmund Freud's view of religion?
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-religion originates in men's guilt
-results in worship of father figure - What is Emile Durkheim's view of religion?
- God is society
- What is Paul Tillich's theory of religion?
- Religion is that which is of "ultimate concern"
- What is Jiddu Krishnamurti's theory of religion?
- humans are always seeking something "beyond"
- What is an oral religion?
- A religion not transmitted in writing
- What are rites of passage?
- a ritual that marks significant life events
- What is a taboo?
- Something too sacred or too forbidden
- What is divination?
- predicting the future/interpreting signs or omens
- Who were the Hopi and Zuni?
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Early native american peoples
A type of Pueblo Indians
Divided into matrillenial clans/only women own land - Who are the Pueblo Indians?
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New mesico/arizona regions
including the hopi/zuni
live in adobes - Who were the Anasazi?
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"The ancient ones"
Pueblo Indians - What are the 3 meanings of "Kachina"?
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1) a diety
2) a masked dancer representing the deity
3) a doll representing the deity - What is the religious view of Robert Henry Codrington?
- Mana is the basis of all religion
- What is the religious view of Max Muller?
- religion comes from nature worship and confused speech.
- What is the religious view of Wilhelm Schmidt?
- monotheism origional/corruption led to polytheism because even primitive people believe in a high God.
- What were the 3 steps in Sir James Frazer's theory of religion?
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1) Magic: trying to control nature
2) Religion: pleading with nature
3) Science: actually controlling nature - Who is Krishna?
- One of the 10 incarnations of Vishnu. A mischievous toddler, but loved and adored.
- Who is Radha?
- A Gopi (shepardess) with which Krishna has a special relationship that represents the relationship between god and soul.
- Who is Yudhishthira?
- Oldest Pandava brother/incarantion of dharma (righteouness)/leader/fond of gambling
- Who is Bhima?
- Strongest Pandava brother/incarnation of Vayu (god of the wind)
- Who is Arjuna?
- The perfect warrior/main character of the Bhagavad Gita/Incarnation of Indra (the god of war)
- Who were Nakula and Sahadeva?
- Twin Pandava brothers/incarnations of Vedic gods Ashvins
- What are the three HINDU paths to salvation?
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1) Path of action
2) Path of knowledge
3) path of devotion - Who is Rama?
- A Prince, hero of the Ramayana poem. Saves his wife from kidnapping by demon.
- Who is Kalki?
- Final avatara yet to come. Will come at the end of the age and destroy evil.
- Who is Siddhartha Gautama?
- Born to Queen Maya after a dream. Lived in luxury in the palace (never left) until he went out and saw the four signs. Became The first Buddha.
- What were the four signs that the Buddha saw?
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1. old man
2. sick man
3. dead man
4. hermit (monk) - Four noble truths of Buddhism?
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1. All this is suffering
2. The cause of suffering is desire
3. When desire is gone, suffering is gone
4. This can be achieved by following the 8-fold path - What is the 8-fold path?
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1. right understanding
2. right intention
3. right speech
4. right action
5. right work
6. right effort
7. right meditation
8. right contemplation - What is samadhi?
- right contemplation
- What is anatta?
- no self
- What is dhamma?
- existential atoms, both physical and mental.
- What are the five aggregates?
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1. body
2. perception
3. sensation
4. karmic traces
5. conciousness - What is nirvana?
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"blowing out/extinction"
liberation of the cycle of death and rebirth - What is Theravada Buddhism?
- most conservative form of Buddhism/each person reaches liberation alone/monastaries important/religious language is PALI
- What is Mahayana Buddhism?
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-goal is the liberation of all beings
-enlightened being lead otehrs to salvation
-religious language is sanskrit - What is an arhat?
- Theravada ideal: someone who has entered the 8-fold path. Usually a monk
- What is a bodhisattva?
- Mahayana ideal: enlighted being who steps back on brink of nirvana to save others. A being without karma.
- Who is Maitreya?
- next buddha to come. can be encountered in meditation
- Who is Avalokiteshvara?
- The Bodisatva of compassion
- Who is Padmasambhava?
- Brought Buddhism to Tibet.
- Who was Guru Rinpoche?
- Tibetian name for Padmasambhava. Brought Buddhism to Tibet.
- What is "bon?"
- animistic tibeten religion
- what is a lama?
- a tibetan buddist preist
- What is terma
- hidden ancient scriptures
- What is terton
- spiritual masters.
- What are mandalas?
- sacred diagrams used in meditation. represent cosmos.
- What is "dorje?"
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"thunderbolt"
represents compassion. - What is drilbu?
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a hand-ball
represents wisdom - What was the Pueblo revolt?
- Pueblo Indians and apaches overthrew Spanish in New Mexico for 12 years. Destroyed chruches/annulled Christian marriages.
- Who was Trevino?
- Spanish governor that banned native religions in 1675.
- Who was Pope?
- Medicine man. Publically whipped by Spanish for witchcraft. Claimed the Kachinam had called him to restore ancient ways.
- What is "kiva?"
- Hopi for "old house" a ceremonial chamber underground for secret rituals. Only for the initiated.
- What does veda mean? What are the Vedas?
- Veda means wisdom. The four vedas are the oldest texts in hinduism.
- What is rigveda?
- Wisdom of the verses.
- What is samaveda?
- wisdom of the songs.
- What is the yajurveda?
- wisdom of the sacrificial formulas.
- what is the atharvaveda?
- wisdom of the atharva preists.
- Who is Agni?
- vedic god of fire. mediator between gods and humans.
- Who is Indra?
- the god of thunder and war.
- Who is Varuna?
- the universal king. punishes sinners.
- Who is Mitra?
- god of friendships and contracts.
- Who is surya?
- the sun personified.
- Who is Ashvins?
- divine twins/ride of hourses/rescue people in need.
- Who are maruts?
- group of gods associcated with wind and storm.
- Who is Ushas?
- goddess of dawn. lovely madien. pursued by sun.
- Who is Vac?
- goddess of language. embodies the language of sanskrit. goddess of poets.
- What is soma?
- god/sacred plant. hallucinogenic. grown on mountains. pressed, fermented, mixed with milk.
- What are the four castes?
- Brahmans, Kshatriyas, Vaishyas, Shudras
- What are the Brahmans?
- preists
- What are the Kashatriyas?
- warriors
- What are Vaishyas?
- merchants/farmers
- What are Shudras?
- servants
- What is atman?
- inner self
- What is brahman?
- cosmic force
- What is the Bhagavad Gita?
- "The Song of the Lord." one of the most sacred texts. dialouge between krishna and arjuna. part of the mahabharata.
- What is the Mahabharata?
- World's longest poem. Composed in sanskrit. pandava vs. kaurava brothers.
- What is Zen?
- meditation/ japanese school of Buddhism?
- Who is Bodhidharma?
- founder of Zen in China. Inventor of tea?
- What is satori?
- sudden enlightenment
- What is a koan?
- a zen riddle. has no answer. helps deconstruct samsara.
- What is zazen?
- meditation is a lotus position. daily practice.
- What is a jaina?
- one who practices jainism
- What is a jina?
- spiritual conquereor, one who has reached liberation.
- What are tirthamkara?
- aka JINA. helps people cross river of samsara.
- Who is Mahavira.
- "founder" of jainism.
- Who is Vardhamana.
- Mahavira's original name. founder of jainism.
- what is jiva?
- eternal soul in every living being.
- what is ahimsa?
- non-violence.
- What are the two types of jainism?
- Svetambara and Digambara
- What is Svetambara?
- sect of jainsits. both men and women...wear white
- What is Digambara?
- sect of jainists. must renounce everything, including clothes. no women.
- Who is guru nanak?
- founder of sikhism. "there is no hindu, no muslim"
- What is amritsar?
- city established by 4th guru.
- What is the Golden Temple
- In armistar. sacred skih shrine.
- What is Adi Granth?
- The first book of sikhism. complied by 5th guru. became 11th guru.
- Who is Gobind Singh?
- 10th guru. established khalsa, society of sikhs.
- What is khalsa?
- society of sikhs.
- What are the 5 K's in sikhism?
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1) KESH-long hair/beard
2) KHANGA-hair comb
3) KACH-special underwear
4) KIRPAN-sword
5) KAVA-steal bracelet - What is Khalistan?
- "Free land." seperate sikh state in Panjab.