civilization 101 test
Terms
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- bedouin
- group of nomads that wandered Arabia
- Hijaz
- area of western arabia by red sea
- mecca
- city in hijaz, center of muslim religion
- Ka'ba
- religious building in Mecca built by Abraham
- Muhammed
- received revelations from Allah
- Hijra
- journey of Muhammed to Medina
- Qur'an
- Holy book of Islam, literal words of God
- Muslims
- followers of Islam
- jihad
- fight for religion
- caliph
- successor of Muhammed
- Abu Baker
- first caliph
- Ali
- fourth caliph, descendant of Muhammed, assassinated
- Umayyads
- family of caliphs after Ali
- Shi'ites
- followers of Ali, believe in bloodline caliphs
- Sumi
- followers of Muhammed
- Abassids
- family that overthrows Umayyads
- Abu al-Abbas
- leader of Abassids
- al-Razi
- wrote book "On smallpox and measles"
- al-Khwarizmi
- wrote "arithmetic" and "algebra"
- Baghdad
- main city built by Abassids
- Harun al-Rashid
- main character in "Arabian Nights"
- Rubaiyat
- poem by Omar Khyyan
- Sufis
- muslims, "mystics"
- savanna
- open grassland
- Bantu
- tribe of Africa
- animism
- belief that everything has a source of life
- Solomnids
- Aksum citizens believe they are the decendants of Solomn
- Ethiopia
- (solomnids) Cristians grouped by persecution
- Coptic Christians
- Egyptian Christians
- gult
- land grant
- Zara Yakob
- Ethiopian leader, fought back Islam
- Western Sudan
- Ghana, Mali, Songhai
- Ghana
- begins trade with western europe, utilizes the camel
- europe/ghana trade
- gold, salts, slaves
- Mansa Musa
- Mali ruler, gave gifts on his way with a large group to Mecca
- Timbuktu
- becomes capitol of Mali
- Askia Muhammed
- Songhai ruler
- Swahili
- language comprised of a series of city states
- hybrid civilization
- mixture of cultures
- Great Zimbabwe
- "houses of stone"
- Zheung He
- Chinese emporer, traveled to Zimbabwe... may have discovered america
- Franks
- rise after the fall of the Roman Empire
- Clovis
- leader of Franks, converted to Christianity
- Merovingians
- family of rulers by "divine right", rulers couldn't cut their hair or bathe
- Carolingians
- mayors of the palace (kings first servant)
- Charles "Martel" (the hammer)
- great warrior against muslims, mayor of palace
- feudilism
- land grant for military service
- fief
- land given in feudilism, sized by army
- Pepin "the short"
- became king by giving the Pope land for the Pope's statement
- Papal States
- area in Italy run by the Pope, involves Christianity in politics
- Charlemagne
- ruler after Pepin, attempts to creat empire
- duke (duchy)
- responsible for defending counties
- Carolingian Renaissance
- "candle flame of dark ages"
- Louis "the Pious"
- religious but bad king
- Vikings
- farmed better due to warming and became great ship builders, barbarians, took Normandy
- Holy Roman Empire
- empire of Charlemagne
- Leif Ericson
- kills neighbors with an ax, runs and discovers Newfoundland/Vinland
- investiture/homage
- promise/oath to be the lord's man
- manor
- small village, self-sustainable
- peasant
- lives on a manor, low class majority
- free tenant
- peasant employee
- serf
- peasant, not slaves but not free and work in the same place
- Hugh Capet
- first king of France
- Louis "the Fat"
- king is head of courts, king "lord of first loyalty"
- Philip Agustus
- developes national army not depending of feudilism, creates national spirit, king of France
- Celts
- inhabitants of Britain
- Angles
- barbarians, England is named after
- Saxon
- barbarians (combined to make anglo-saxons)
- Alfred "the great"
- king of britain, anglo-saxon, holds off vikings, law giver, supports historic books "Anglo-saxon Chronicles"
- Anglo-Saxon Chronicles
- history "diary" of Middle ages
- Edward "the Confessor"
- last kind in bloodline of Alfred, confesses due to fear of dieing with sins, built Westminster Abbey
- Westminster Abbey
- church/cathedral built by Edward
- William "the Conquerer"
- leader of Normandy
- Herald
- anglo-saxon Earl (count), king after Edward
- Hastings
- battle in Britain, Britain is conquered by Normandy
- Henry II
- father of first english common law, created bureaucracy
- Thomas a Becket
- archbishop of Canterberry, causes conflict between church and state
- John
- son of Henry II, worst king, lost wars in France, lost to Innocence III (Pope)
- Magna Carta
- list of wrongdoings, accepts king can do wrong and be punished, people have rights
- Henry III
- John's son, also not a good king
- Simon de Monfort
- locals and elective representatives (parliament) to advise king
- parliament
- group of elected officials, legislative body
- House of Lords
- noble legislative body
- House of Commons
- commoner legislative body
- Edward I
- good kind, kept parliament
- Otto "the Great"
- ruler of Germany area, conflicts with the church
- abbot
- head of monestary
- monasteries
- places to learn literacy
- Innocence III
- Pope with greatest power, claims to be head over everyone
- heresy (heretics)
- false doctrine, anyone who disagrees with the church
- friar
- mix of monk/priest, don't withdraw from world
- St. Francis of Assisi
- gave everything to preach (even to animals)
- St. Dominic
- believed church has a duty to educate
- Crusades
- Muslims vs. Christians
- Manzikert
- Muslims defeat Christians
- Urban II
- recruits Christians to fight, began first Crusade
- Templars
- Christian warriors, job, defend holy land
- Saladin
- most important muslim leader, retakes jerusalem
- Richard the Lionheart
- king of England, fought in Crusades
- Fredrick Barbarossa
- king of Holy Roman Empire, drowns on the way to the third crusade
- Philip Augustus
- king of France, turns back from the crusades
- guilds
- take care of familys of members, prevent job competition, inspect quality
- Spain
- Muslim empire
- Reconquista
- "reconquest" to regain Spain from muslims
- El Cid
- led against muslims for spain
- Castile
- christian portion of spain
- aragon
- combines with castile
- granada
- muslim area of spain defeated by aragon
- Ferdinand and Isabella
- combine aragon and castile with marriage, funds columbus
- Hundred Years War
- began by Edward III (england against france)
- Crecy
- battle won by enlish against france using peasants and longbows
- Joan of Arc
- teenage peasant woman from france, leads france to victors
- Boniface VIII
- issues unam sanctum
- Unam Sanctum
- declares that nobody can disagree with the Pope
- Philip "the Fair"
- king of France, conflicts with Boniface
- Babylonian Captivity
- Popes are taken to France (arigon)
- Great Schism
- Split; Pope in France and another in Rome
- John Wyclif
- believed church was materialistic, believe church was not needed for salvation
- Lollards
- followers of Wyclif, began underground protestant movement
- John Hus
- criticized the church, convicted of Hericy and burned
- universities
- collection/assembly of scholars, run by the church
- scholasticism
- accepts teachings of church, philosophy school
- St. Thomas Aquinas
- wrote "Summa Theologica"
- Chandra Gupta
- founded the Gupta empire
- Sanskrit
- language used in literature of India
- Kalidasa
- poet and play writer
- Shakuntala
- written by Kalidasa, Romeo and Juliet play
- Aryabhatta
- mathematician, astronomer (understood the world shape, tilt, and revolution), poet
- Harsha
- creates another empire after the fall of Gupta
- Mahmud of Ghazni
- invades India to spread Islam
- Delhi Sultate
- empire area created by invasion
- Empress Wu
- female emporer of China
- Diamond Sutra
- first printed book
- Understanding of History
- book created to defend the beliefs that history is needed to understand
- Mulan
- mentioned in poem, real
- Li Po
- lyric poet
- "soothing the barbarian"
- invites invaders in as a strategy during the Song Dynasty
- Ju Xi
- philosopher, creates Neo-Confucianism
- Kurya
- family that created dynasty and began korea
- Jimmu
- original traditional japanese emporer
- Yammato Clan
- family of Jimmu, line of emporers
- Shinto
- "way of the gods"
- Taika Reforms
- cultural exchange due to interaction with china
- Nara
- ancient symbol of japan
- Heian Period
- time of peace with change of capitol
- Heian-kyo (kyoto)
- second capitol of japan
- Fujiwara
- family that runs Japan through emporer
- daimyo
- the nobility class of Japan
- bushido
- code of conduct for samurai (loyalty and honor)
- seppuku
- ritual suicide
- Yoritomo
- establishes new govt. (Kamakura Shogonate)
- Kamakura Shogonate
- seperates emporer's right to rule from being divine
- Monomato
- clan of Yoritomo
- shogun
- general
- steppe
- open grassland area
- khan
- mongol leader
- Temujin
- "man of iron" aka. Genghis Khan
- Genghis Khan
- first to unite/control mongols
- Kublai Khan
- Mongol that ruled china
- Marco Polo
- Italian traveler, wrote book
- Pax Mongolica
- peace of Mongols
- Tenochitlan
- Mayan capitol
- Iroquis
- mound builders