Music History Exam Part1
Terms
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- Divine origin of music (Music of the spheres)
- the way the planets moved was supposed to represent some sort of music
- Cult of Apollo
-
developed the Lyre and Kithara.
Lyre- Harp
Kithara- Larger lyre - Cult of Dionysus
- Aulos
- Aulos, Double Aulos
- woodwind instrument like recorder, double instrument
- monophony
- melody without harmony or counterpoint just plain melody
- Heterophony
- instruments embellish the melody while a choir or soloists sings the same melody
- Pythagorus
- credited for discovering that a string can be divided into ratios
- Claudius Ptolemy
- thought that music had a connection to astronomy. (Music of the spheres)
- Doctrine of ethos
- ethical character of various scales and their moral qualities which could affect their soul.
- Harmonics
- study of matters concerning pitch; study of notes
- 2:1
- octave; divided in two
- 3:2
- fifth; divided in three
- 4:3
- fourth; divided in four
- tetrachord
- four note chord
- diatonic
- step
- chromatic
- half step
- enharmonic
- quarter tone
- genera
- greek division of labeling
- tonoi
- formulas for writing melodies
- harmonie
- musical mode
- ancient roman empire
- inherited greek culture; adopted art of a helenistic world
- Tibea
- common version of an aulos
- two forms of music used by ancient roman empire
-
music of pleasure: musical competitions (Loud and impressive)
music for battle: loved battle music - summary of important musical accomplishments!
-
1.) music was mostly melody
2.) melody was linked to meter, rythym, and words
3.) musicians did not read notes, relied on memory
4.) Philosophers conceived music as an orderly system both mathematically and morally.
5.) made the foundation of acoustic theory
6.) scales built from tetrachords
7.)theorists developed sophisticated musical terminology - constantine
- came from gal(france) to rule rome, formulated edict of milan- gave christians the right to practice
- influence on divine liturgy of the early christian church
- rejected cultivated music. Music used to praise but not as an idol
- hymn singing
- oldest account of christian music
- Byzantium: Eastern Church
- absorbed music of ancient greece and asia minor. Canstantinople replacement. Used 8 tones in music
- Ison
- pedal tone under a sung melody
- Western liturgy
- political unrest. In chaos.
- Rites
- liturgy of a specific church or a group of churches
- Rites: Chant Melodies of eaurope
-
All vocal and used latin as their major language;
monophonic;
pre-gregorian chant;
helped build the foundation for gregorian chant - 7 Rites
-
1.) Gallican Chant; France
2.) Celtic Chant; Ireland
3.) Beneventan Chant; Southern Italy
4.) Old Roman Chant
5.) Visigothic/ Mozarabic; Spain
6.)Sarum(Salisbury): England
7.) Ambrosian Chant: Milan Italy - Gregorian chant (PLain chant)
-
Pope grgory the Great; "A dove that sang the melodies in his ear"
Actually- a collection fo works of the people of the time - Icons
- 2d paintings, similar to the music of the time
- Liber Usualis (General Book)
- monks of solesmes decided to take all the gregorian chants and put them into one book
- Rule of St. Benedict
- rules of how to run a monestary. The importance of a Cantor
- Schola Cantorum
- choir of singers that met for liturgies to sing the gregorian chants
- Church Fathers
- helped develop churches theology and helped build on the scriptures
- St Augistine (De Musica)
- though that music was to be servent of religion
- de musica
- enjoy music but not to the point where you enjoy the music more than the text
- Education: Trivium & Quadrivium
-
Trivium: Grammar , Dialect, Rhetoricd
Quadrivium: Geometry, arithmetic, astronomy, music(Harmonics) - Boethius
-
helped preserve ancient greek theory
He had 3 types of music: Cosmic, Union of body and soul,and audible music. - Plainchant
-
Musical prayer still used by composers today.
Many years to develop by men and women in monestaries.
*Non Metrical
*Monophonic
*Restrained mood
*Sung in Latin - Mass
- primary liturgy, celebration reenactment of the last supper. Sharing of bread and wine. Most important of all liturgies. Sacred. Catholic ties
- Two types of mass
-
Order (Constant)
Proper(Changeable) - Order (MASS)
-
1.) Kyrie
2.) Gloria
3.) Credo
4.) Sanctus
5.) Agnus Dei
6.) Ite, missa est - Proper (MASS) (IMPORTANT ONLY)
-
Introit
Gradual
Alleluia
Sequence
Communion - Syllabic
- each syllable has its own note
- Melismatic
- long melodic passage on a single syllable(more than 5 notes)
- neumatic
- 4-5 notes on a single syllable
- Euouae
- Saeculorum Amen
- Antiphpnal
- two choruses switching verses
- Tropes
- new addition to the mass-poetic setting
- sequences
- long poetic verse at the end of alleluia
- Liturgical Drama
- passages from the bible, good vs. evil
- Divine Office
- Matins, Lauds, Vespers
- Minnesinger and Meistersinger
- minnesingers were the equivelant to the toubadors
- Medieval Instruments
- Harp, Vielle, Organistrum, Psaltry, Flute, Shawms, Bagpipes, Trumpets, Organs
- Toubadors and Trouveres
- Traveled around and dressed up.
- Guido of Arezzo
- Guidonian Hand, Hexachords, Staff, Major 2nd 9:8