memory & cognition lectures
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- Encoding
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Refers to the representation of info in memory
1) How info is represented in memory
2) What info is represented in memory - Storage
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1) Capacity - how much can it hold
2) Duration - how long does the info last
3) Fate - what happens to the info in the store - Retrieval
- The act of extracting info from a memory store
- Sperling's Partial Report Procedure
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1) 12 letters were shown for 50 msec
2) High, Medium, Low tone sounded after display disappeared
3) subjects reported as many letters in a row as possible
- Had stored 75% of the 12 letters correctly (9)
- This brief high capacity store of visual info is the Iconic Store -
Iconic Store
Capacity
Duration
Fate -
Capacity - 9 items
Duration - 250msec (visual info lasts)
Fate - Masking or Erasure - Averbach & Coriell
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1) letter array for 50msec
2) Blank interval for 50msec
3) Circly displayed for 50msec
- With the circle, subjects correctly identified the circled letter only 10-20% of the time
--> The circle had masked or erased the letter -
Modified Partial Report Cue
(no semantic info in iconic store) -
1) letters shown for 50msec
2) High or Low tone
Spatial------> 100% correct
1. High tone = Top Row
2. Low Tone = Bottom
Semantic------> 50% correct
1. High T = Report Letters
2. Low To = Report numbers
- Only the spatial cue was effective--> No Semantic Info in Iconic Store - Rayner Study
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(Size of area from which person picks up info during a fixation in reading)
Subjects read sentences - Rayner changed sentence during a saccade
- When you're fixating 10-12 character spaces before the nonsense word, it took 50msec more time to process when the real word was substituted (compared to when the real word was there all along)
-Info in the Iconic Store may receive some processing - This helps us anticipate the general form of the info we are about to encounter - Kunst-Wilson, Zajonc Study
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-Showed subjects 10 polygons 5 times each for 1msec
1) Recognition Test
2) Affective Jugment Test
-> Recognition Performance - 48% (chance)
-> Affective Jugment - Previously viewed polygon was preferred 60% of the time (above chance)
--> Some info of the stimuli must have been getting into the info processing system
--> This allowed them to better like the previously viewed one even though they could not consciously recognize it - Bargh STudy
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-Subjects shown 100 words for 100msec eah followed by a mask (row of Xs)
-Words were shown outside of the foveal region
-0, 20, 80% were hostile words
-They were given a 12 sentence behavior description of a fictional character Donald
-The higher the proportion of hostile words shown, the more negatively they rated Donald - Perception
- The conscious experience that results from stimulation of the senses
- Bottom-Up Processing
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Data-Driven Processing
Involves processing based on incoming data from the environment - Top-Down Processing
- Involves using knowledge gained from experience to help perceive & identify a stimulus
- Donders Experiment
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1) Simple Reaction Time - push button as fast as possible when light flashed
2)Choice Reaction Time - push one button if light was on left, another if it was on the right
--> Donders attributed the time difference between the conditions to the time it took to make a decision--154msec--
*Mental Processes usually are not observed directly but inferred from behavior* - Helmholtz Theory
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Theory of Unconscious Inference
-Some of our perceptions are produced by unconscious assumptions we make about our environment
-We use experience to infer much of what we know about the world - Wundt
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-1st lab for studying mental processes
-Introspection to examine mental processes
-Trained subjects reported their mental experience
PROBLEM
-Some mental processes occur so quickly or automatically that they are not aavailable to conscious description - Watson
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Rejected Introspection
Proposed Behaviorism
Goal: Predict & Control Behavior
Problems With Behaviorism
-Rewards & punishments not only influence on behavior - Instincts play a role
-How objective situation is interpreted can be important
-unobservable processes like beliefs & memories are important -
Newell & Simon
Computer -
Human System Computer
-Sensory Stores -Input/Output
-STMemory - RAM
-LTMemory - Hard Drive/CD - Current Approach in Cognitive Psychology
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Attempt to describe (unobservable) mental processes that are revealed through many techniques:
-errors in task performance
-reaction times
-physiological measures - Anterograde Amnesia
- Person generally loses the ability to do new long-term memorization
- Retrograde Amnesia
- Person will often forget information learned before the accident
- Shrinking Retrograde Amnesia
- Over time, previously learned info returns - The oldest memories tend to recover first, followed by the more recent ones
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Human Memory
1) Person directs attention to some location in the iconic store where unidentified visual info is stored -
Tuning Fork
1) Person strikes unlabeled tuning fork -
Human Memory
2) Visual info in Long-Term store is contacted that matches info in iconic store, activating both visual & semantic info in the LTS -
Tuning Fork
2) A tuning fork that is set to vibrate at the same frequency as the unlabeled fork begins to hum -
Human Memory
3) Person becomes conscious of existence of & identity of info in the iconic store -
Tuning Fork
3) Person identifies vibration frequency of the unlabeled tuning fork by reading the label on the vibrating tuning fork - IT Cortex
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InferoTemporal - Neurons respond to visual forms
Damage--> Prosopagnosia - can't recognize faces of close friends, family, or themselves - MT Cortex
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MedialTemporal -
Damage--> Motion Agnosia - Inability to perceive motion - Neisser's Definition of Cognitive Psychology
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All processes by which the sensory input is transformed, reduced, elaborated, stored, recovered, & used
Reduction - occurs when info is lost
Elaboration - occurs when we add to the sensory input