This site is 100% ad supported. Please add an exception to adblock for this site.

Genetics Test I

Terms

undefined, object
copy deck
nucleoid region
area of cytoplasm where chromosome is located in prokaryotic cell
penetrance
percent of individuals that have particular genotype that expresses expected phenotype
phenotype
the appearance or manifestation of a character
kinetochore MT
from one pole attach to kinetochore of sister chromatid
telocentric
very close to end centromere location
genotype
set of alleles that an individual possesses
pachytene
substage of prophase I, continued shortening and thickening
recessive allele
presence masked by dominant allele
law of independent assortment
if two genes are located on separate chromosomes, they will segregate independently of each other during gamete formation
binary fission
how prokaryotes divide
anaphase
begins with chromatid separation, occurs when ALL are aligned
prophase
chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, centrosomes divide and migrate, nucleolus disappears
p arm
short arm of chromosome
incomplete penetrance
genotype does not always express the expected phenotype
wild type
phenotype commonly found in most organisms of a certain species
character
an attribute or feature
rassenhygeine
political and social movement in germany
prometaphase
late prophase, begins with nuclear membrane disintergration, spindle fibers enter nuclear region
telophase
nuclear membrane formes, nucleoli reform, chromosomes uncoil, spindle fibers break down
unordered events
events whose probability or outcome do not depend on the order in which they occur
immigration act of 1924
restricted entry from countries like italy and russia and allowed france, germany, and great britain
eukaryotic
cells with true nucleus and organelles
linked genes
genes located on same chromosome that are inherited as a set
heterochromatin
densely packed, genes not read
buck vs bell
supreme court upheld rights of states to do eugenic sterilization
probability
the expectation of the occurrence of a particular event
S phase
(synthesis) DNA replicatin, amount of DNA doubles,sister chromatids held together at centromere
dihybrid cross
phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1
homozygote
individual possessing two different alleles at a locus
somatic cells
non-sex cells
interpolar MT
microtubules form opposite poles meet at equator
meiosis
process of gamete formation
kinetochore
proteinaceous structure surrounding centromere
alleles
multiple forms of genes, difference in sequence
homozygote
an individual possessing two of the same alleles at a locus
molecular genetics
biochemical nature of dna
expressivity
degree or intensity to which trait is expressed
leptotene
substage of prophase I, chromosomes condense
q arm
long arm of chromasome
metaphase
chromosomes arrange themselves along cell equator
cytokinesis
simultaneous with telophase, ring of microtubules cause center to pinch off yielding two daughter cells
eugenics
trying to improve humanity through selective breeding
spermiogenesis
maturation of spermatids
allele
one or two more alternate forms of a gene
homologous chromosomes
copies of the same chromosome
dominant allele
always in phenotype if present
interphase
preparation for cell division
dictyotene
stage during oogenesis when cells are arrested until ovulation
gene
genetic factor that helps determine a characteristic
roberts syndrome
centromeres fail to split during developement resulting in lack of limb development and cleft lip/palate
mitosis
asexual process of nuclear division
independent events
events whose outcomes do not influence one another
episome
self-replicating
anaphase B
interpolar MT elongate and push against one another
aster MT
extend outward from the centromere in various directions
mutually exclusive events
occurrence of one possibility excludes the occurrence of all other possibilities
law of segregation
gamete receives only one allele from the pair of alleles that the parent possesses
meiosis II
separates sister chromatids
gene
fundamental unit of heredity, encodes for a single protein
chromatin
DNA wrapped around histone proteins, assists in packing and avoids tangling
nucleic acids
carry genetic info, DNA (living organisms), viruses: DNA, RNA
telomere
repeating sequences at end of chromosome, shorten after each successive cell division
population genetics
genetic composition of groups of individuals from same species, changes over time, evolution
monohybrid test cross
for plant with dominant phenotype and unknown genotype, crossed with homozygous recessive
anaphase A
chromosomes move towards poles w/ kinetochores acting as molecular motors
plasmids
small circular extrachromosomal pieces of DNA
centromere
constriction of chromosome
crossing over
homologous chromosomes exchange genetic info (alleles)
incomplete dominance
phenotype of heterozygote falls between dominant and recessive phenotypes
transmission genetics
classical genetics, focuses on individual organism
locus
specific place on a chromosome
diplotene
substage of prophase I, centromeres of paired chromosomes move apart
spermatogenesis
occurs in the seminiferous tubules of testes
centrosome
microtubule organizing center, contains pair of centrioles, surrounded by aster microtubules
zygotene
substage of prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair up
polydactyly
extra digits
diakinesis
substage of prophase I, chromosome condensation continues, chiasmata resolved
synaptonemal complex
protein complex holding homologous pairs together
cell cycle
time between one somatic cell division and the next
submetacentric
closer to middle centromere location
interkinesis
abbreviated interphase which occurs between meiosis I and II, no DNA replication occurs
Francis Galton
started eugenics
dihybrid test cross
1:1:1:1 ratio
chromosomal theory of inheritance
genes arranged linearly on chromosomes, molecules of inheritance of traits
synapsis
point by point pairing along length
gene
region of DNA that encodes for a protein
Genetics
study of inheritance, families, traits in populations, biochemical nature of DNA
metacentric
middle centromere location
gregor mendel
followed discontinuous traits
G1 phase
growth phase, synthesis of proteins and organelles needed for cell division
G2 phase
more growth and differentiation, cells has nearly doubled in size
chromosome
location of gene
mutations
permanent, heritable changes in genetic information
acrocentric
closer to end centromere location
mutant
alternative to wild type
prokaryotic
cells with no nucleus or organelles
euchromatin
diffuse, relaxed chromatin present during interphase
meiosis I
separates homologous chromosomes
bivalent
homologous pair consisting of 4 chromatids

Deck Info

99

permalink