Genetics Test I
Terms
undefined, object
copy deck
- nucleoid region
- area of cytoplasm where chromosome is located in prokaryotic cell
- penetrance
- percent of individuals that have particular genotype that expresses expected phenotype
- phenotype
- the appearance or manifestation of a character
- kinetochore MT
- from one pole attach to kinetochore of sister chromatid
- telocentric
- very close to end centromere location
- genotype
- set of alleles that an individual possesses
- pachytene
- substage of prophase I, continued shortening and thickening
- recessive allele
- presence masked by dominant allele
- law of independent assortment
- if two genes are located on separate chromosomes, they will segregate independently of each other during gamete formation
- binary fission
- how prokaryotes divide
- anaphase
- begins with chromatid separation, occurs when ALL are aligned
- prophase
- chromosomes condense, spindle fibers form, centrosomes divide and migrate, nucleolus disappears
- p arm
- short arm of chromosome
- incomplete penetrance
- genotype does not always express the expected phenotype
- wild type
- phenotype commonly found in most organisms of a certain species
- character
- an attribute or feature
- rassenhygeine
- political and social movement in germany
- prometaphase
- late prophase, begins with nuclear membrane disintergration, spindle fibers enter nuclear region
- telophase
- nuclear membrane formes, nucleoli reform, chromosomes uncoil, spindle fibers break down
- unordered events
- events whose probability or outcome do not depend on the order in which they occur
- immigration act of 1924
- restricted entry from countries like italy and russia and allowed france, germany, and great britain
- eukaryotic
- cells with true nucleus and organelles
- linked genes
- genes located on same chromosome that are inherited as a set
- heterochromatin
- densely packed, genes not read
- buck vs bell
- supreme court upheld rights of states to do eugenic sterilization
- probability
- the expectation of the occurrence of a particular event
- S phase
- (synthesis) DNA replicatin, amount of DNA doubles,sister chromatids held together at centromere
- dihybrid cross
- phenotypic ratio of 9:3:3:1
- homozygote
- individual possessing two different alleles at a locus
- somatic cells
- non-sex cells
- interpolar MT
- microtubules form opposite poles meet at equator
- meiosis
- process of gamete formation
- kinetochore
- proteinaceous structure surrounding centromere
- alleles
- multiple forms of genes, difference in sequence
- homozygote
- an individual possessing two of the same alleles at a locus
- molecular genetics
- biochemical nature of dna
- expressivity
- degree or intensity to which trait is expressed
- leptotene
- substage of prophase I, chromosomes condense
- q arm
- long arm of chromasome
- metaphase
- chromosomes arrange themselves along cell equator
- cytokinesis
- simultaneous with telophase, ring of microtubules cause center to pinch off yielding two daughter cells
- eugenics
- trying to improve humanity through selective breeding
- spermiogenesis
- maturation of spermatids
- allele
- one or two more alternate forms of a gene
- homologous chromosomes
- copies of the same chromosome
- dominant allele
- always in phenotype if present
- interphase
- preparation for cell division
- dictyotene
- stage during oogenesis when cells are arrested until ovulation
- gene
- genetic factor that helps determine a characteristic
- roberts syndrome
- centromeres fail to split during developement resulting in lack of limb development and cleft lip/palate
- mitosis
- asexual process of nuclear division
- independent events
- events whose outcomes do not influence one another
- episome
- self-replicating
- anaphase B
- interpolar MT elongate and push against one another
- aster MT
- extend outward from the centromere in various directions
- mutually exclusive events
- occurrence of one possibility excludes the occurrence of all other possibilities
- law of segregation
- gamete receives only one allele from the pair of alleles that the parent possesses
- meiosis II
- separates sister chromatids
- gene
- fundamental unit of heredity, encodes for a single protein
- chromatin
- DNA wrapped around histone proteins, assists in packing and avoids tangling
- nucleic acids
- carry genetic info, DNA (living organisms), viruses: DNA, RNA
- telomere
- repeating sequences at end of chromosome, shorten after each successive cell division
- population genetics
- genetic composition of groups of individuals from same species, changes over time, evolution
- monohybrid test cross
- for plant with dominant phenotype and unknown genotype, crossed with homozygous recessive
- anaphase A
- chromosomes move towards poles w/ kinetochores acting as molecular motors
- plasmids
- small circular extrachromosomal pieces of DNA
- centromere
- constriction of chromosome
- crossing over
- homologous chromosomes exchange genetic info (alleles)
- incomplete dominance
- phenotype of heterozygote falls between dominant and recessive phenotypes
- transmission genetics
- classical genetics, focuses on individual organism
- locus
- specific place on a chromosome
- diplotene
- substage of prophase I, centromeres of paired chromosomes move apart
- spermatogenesis
- occurs in the seminiferous tubules of testes
- centrosome
- microtubule organizing center, contains pair of centrioles, surrounded by aster microtubules
- zygotene
- substage of prophase I, homologous chromosomes pair up
- polydactyly
- extra digits
- diakinesis
- substage of prophase I, chromosome condensation continues, chiasmata resolved
- synaptonemal complex
- protein complex holding homologous pairs together
- cell cycle
- time between one somatic cell division and the next
- submetacentric
- closer to middle centromere location
- interkinesis
- abbreviated interphase which occurs between meiosis I and II, no DNA replication occurs
- Francis Galton
- started eugenics
- dihybrid test cross
- 1:1:1:1 ratio
- chromosomal theory of inheritance
- genes arranged linearly on chromosomes, molecules of inheritance of traits
- synapsis
- point by point pairing along length
- gene
- region of DNA that encodes for a protein
- Genetics
- study of inheritance, families, traits in populations, biochemical nature of DNA
- metacentric
- middle centromere location
- gregor mendel
- followed discontinuous traits
- G1 phase
- growth phase, synthesis of proteins and organelles needed for cell division
- G2 phase
- more growth and differentiation, cells has nearly doubled in size
- chromosome
- location of gene
- mutations
- permanent, heritable changes in genetic information
- acrocentric
- closer to end centromere location
- mutant
- alternative to wild type
- prokaryotic
- cells with no nucleus or organelles
- euchromatin
- diffuse, relaxed chromatin present during interphase
- meiosis I
- separates homologous chromosomes
- bivalent
- homologous pair consisting of 4 chromatids