music test 2 2
Terms
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- What is a trill?
- rapid alteration between two notes a step apart
- What is an ornament?
- added notes of other small changes in pitch that dont change the overall character og the melody as mush as they enhance or ornament it
- What is a motive?
- a short fragment that is repeated at certain points.
- What is a theme?
- an entire melody recognizable as a discrete entity.
- What is a structure or form?
- name given to the very largest levels of musical architecture.
- What is a movement?
- movements are set apart by actually stopping the music between each one.
- What is a repitition?
- recurrence of melodic motives and themes.
- What is strophic?
- a song that repeats a group of meoldoes phrases over and over but wuth different words.
- What is a refrain?
- repeat of a section with the same words
- What is the Qur'an?
- the holy book of Islam
- Who is Hafiz?
- irans most favortie poet
- What are the elements of Middle Eastern Music?
- elaborate melodies and melismas, improvisation based on basic tones or melodies, heterophony, phythms based on beat patterns, the use of quater tones.
- What are melisman?
- sung melodies with many notes to a syllable
- What is heterophony?
- the simultaneuous performance of different elaborations of the same melody.
- What is the jewish diaspora?
- the scattering of Jews from their ancestral homeland in Palestine.
- What is a ghawazi?
- women who dance for entertainment
- What is a musiqa?
- the arabic word for music, but never uesed in a religious context
- What is a qira'ah or tilawah?
- chanting of Quar'an versus
- What is the adhan?
- call to prayer
- What is the mu'adhdhin?
- singers of the adhan
- What is dhikr?
- rememberance
- What is dervishes?
- Sufi dance tradition of the Mevlevi of turkey. dancers who whirl around to achieve spiriutal union.
- What are 'ud?
- chordophone from the middle east
- What are tanburs?
- long-necked chordophone from the middle east
- What is a zagharit?
- a ululation, high cry rapidly trilled with the tongue
- How do players play the aerophone and what is it?
- circular breathing, the player blows out while simultaneous breathing in through his nose in order to achieve an uninterupted air stream.
- What is transposition?
- vary the melody bu altering the pitch
- What is modulation?
- vary the meldoy by changoing the key
- What is theme and variation form?
- the study of the possibilities of variation
- What is Rhythm?
- describes how music is organized in time.
- What is tarab?
- musical ecstasy
- What is responsorial?
- alternating leader and group singing. call and response.
- What is antiphonal?
- two alternating groups singing
- What is echoi?
- art music of improvisation and compositions based on modes
- What is maqam?
- art music from the resurgance of classical musical in the late 19 century and the early 20 century
- What are tetrachords?
- segments of four notes
- What are quater-tones?
- an interval half as wide as a semitone
- What are jins?
- arabic theoreoists build up scales from smaller segments
- What are taqsim?
- non-pulsatile improvisations. represents maqam in its purest form.
- What are Layali?
- vocal from in which melismas are used on syllables.
- What is the performance of taqisms?
- a journey through a sequence of emphasized pitches,
- What is sayr?
- the form that uses the principal tones of the maqam scales
- What is iqa'?
- rhythm of arabic music. meters are used to defined by duration, accents, and level of accents
- What is maqsum?
- a simple quadruple pattern. iqa' pattern.
- What is wahdah?
- iqa' patter. simple quadruple meter, but a different sound.
- What is a suite?
- a series of songs and instumentasl pieces unified by their referance to a single maqam.
- What are takht?
- traditional medium for the arabic suite of and ensemble of 5 musicians
- What are mawwal?
- a partly improvised song in colloquial
- What are qasida?
- a song that sets a poem in classical arabid language
- What is an sama'i?
- an instrumental piece with a refrain that begins in a ten-beat iqa', moves to a triple meter, and ends in the original 10 beat
- What is tahmilah?
- an instrumental piece in which the various instruments take turns playing solo improvisation, alternating with a refrain,
- Waht is an firqa?
- a takht of large ensembles (20 or more musicians)
- What is sha'bi?
- movement of the working class and often socially consious
- What is al-jil?
- modern pop music similar to western sounterparts.
- What is nashid?
- ali-jil with explicity islamic lyrics
- What is the dastgah?
- iranian classical improvisation
- What is gusheh?
- short relative melodies that compose a dastgah
- What is a radif?
- the entire corpus of dasgah
- What are chahar mezrab?
- strongly rhythmic melodies
- What is a pishdaramad?
- introductory piece for ensemble in duple or triple meter
- What is tasnif?
- a composed song in fixed meter accompanied by a soloist or ensemble
- What is a reng?
- ensemble music in a dance rhthym
- What is a tombak?
- goblet drum
- What is motreb?
- musicians that perform ligt classical, dance, and traditional entertainment music
- What is mahur?
- popular dastgah
- What is Levites?
- hereditary case of professional musicians
- shofar
- a rams horn trumpet
- cantillation
- a standard method of chanting biblical texts
- ta'amim
- the many different melodic formulas fro cantillation are indicated by signs
- cantor
- single singer who performs most music of the temple
- sephardic
- jewish tradition who settled in spain adn portugal
- ashkenazi
- jewish tradition who settled in central adn eastern europe
- hazzanut
- non-pulsaile songs based on certain scales and collections of melodic motives
- shteygers
- modes of he ashkenazi cantoral tradition are complex and include charachteristic motives and tonal relationships used in hazzanut improvisations
- nigun
- songs whose words limits the ineffable feeling of joy
- klezmorim
- jewish folk musicians
- parlando rubato
- popular songs of eastern european tradition
- romance or romancero
- popular genre among jews
- beat
- regular division of time
- non-pulsatile
- no beat
- quasi-pulsatile
- notes are more or less the same length, but rhythm is free so that it is hard to pin down a constant pulse
- pulsatile
- beat
- non-metric
- non-pulsatile, but it does have rhythm
- tempo
- rate of the beae
- accelerando
- increase the rate of the beat
- ritardando or rallentando
- slowing of the rate of the beat
- meter
- the ways beats are organized in time
- triple meter
- beats are grouped in three
- duple meter
- beats that are grouped in two
- compound meter
- beat is divided into three
- simple meter
- beat is divided into two
- syncopation
- rhythm in which the metrical stress of a note is displaced in the meter so that the emphasis occurs on normally unstresssed beats
- accent
- emphasis given tos single note
- timbre
- the quality of an instruments sound
- insturmentation
- choice of instruments that play a certain piece
- orchestration
- art of combining the insturments in different ways for musical effect
- heterogenous
- different instruments
- homogeneous
- same insturments
- mandalas
- elaborate symmetrical paintings that serve as objects of conemplation
- mantra
- chanting of cosmic tones in ritual formulas
- epic songs
- sung by specially trained bards, narrations can grand mythic poems
- multiphonic singing
- prodice more that one pitch simeltaneously
- partials
- is what a singer produces to sound like a separate whistleing sounds
- tone-countour melodies
- lacks a convential melody made u of discrete variations in pitch, tone-contour melodies of chants, loudness, and slides between tiny pitch differences
- shamans
- practitioners of Tibet's indigineous religion, Bon
- dung-chen
- massive trumpets
- rul-mo
- cymbols that control the rhythm
- dbyangs
- chants where the melodies consist of subtle changes in timbre, loudness, and sliding pitches
- nga chin
- a kind of double headed bass drum
- brdung
- the series of accelerating strikes on the cymbol
- melismas
- many notes to a single syllable
- sgra-snyan
- a lute with a long unfretted neck
- lhamo
- ametuer troupes also perform sotries from the Gesar epic in a form of theater
- nangma adn toshe
- the art music of tibet
- yangqin
- the hammered dulcimer of china
- ger
- the large round felt covered tent that is the traditional home of mongolians
- urtyn duu
- mongolian long song
- bogino duu
- mongolian short songs
- tuul'
- epic songs of the mongols
- stropically
- each section of an epic song, repeating melodies for the versus
- morin huur
- large bowed instrument of the lute type
- hoomii, khoomei
- clear melodies
- program music
- provoke images of the mind by envoking emotions, memories, ect
- khomuz
- jaws harp
- topshuur
- a two stringed unfretted lute, but hel laterally and plucked
- limba
- small, portable, transverse bamboo flute
- texture
- musical characteristics that describe the relative importance and distributoin of the various instrumental or vocal parts
- monophony
- one sound
- parallel octaves
- two differnt pitches being sung simeltaneously, in monophony
- homophony
- single melody supported by a harmony
- polyphony
- several melodies of more or less equal focus at the same time
- round, canon
- singers sing the same meldoy at staggered time intervals
- imitative polyphony
- one line imitates the melody in another line
- heterophony
- simaltaneous variations
- drone
- long or unchanging note
- dynamics
- the use of loudness as a musical insturnment
- cresendo
- gradually louder
- decresendo
- gradually softer
- resonator
- vibrating part
- sympathetic vibration
- ghost sound casued by a plucked string vibrating a unplucked string tuned to the same pitch
- What are the ways a instuement can be classified?
- chordophone, aerophone, membranophone, idiophone, electrophone
- chordophone
- string unstruemnts, vibrating string
- aerophone
- wind intstruments, a column of air within the instruments makes the sound
- membranophone
- a membrane (skin) stretched over a resonaor or frame makes the sound
- idiophone
- the entire instrument vibrates to make one sound
- electrophone
- makes a sound with a loudspeaker
- bridge
- used to lift the string up over the body of an instrument os that it virbrates freely
- fret
- intermediate bridge
- glissando
- sliding pitch
- whammy bar
- modern innovation used on electric guitars to slide the pitch up and down
- course
- collection of adjacent strings associated with a particular pitch
- gharana
- a particular school or vocal or instrument performance
- mantras
- repeated scriptures, prayers, or phonetic formulas that through repition, enhance ones karma or predisposition to goodness.
- vedas
- unmetered songs of devotion and ritual that form the oldest books of the hindu religion
- hindustani
- northern india
- karnatic
- southern india
- what are the charachteristics os indian music?
- melodic improvisation by a soloist, accompaniment by a druummer, improvisation based on raga, cyclic conception of meter, drone
- accompaniment by a druummer
- a single drummer using palms and fingers no sticks to play elaborate patterns to accompany classical performances
- melodic improvisation by a soloist
- improv of a soloist playing a melodic instrument
- improvisation based on raga
- improv of a raga
- raga
- the meldoci basis of the piece
- cyclic conception of meter
- made up of cycles of beat groups in a system called tala
- tala
- metrical basis of a piece
- bandish
- ragas precomposed songs or themes in northern india
- gitam
- ragas precomposed songs or themes in southern india
- guru
- indiviual teacher
- sitar
- a plucked lute with frets
- sarod
- a plucked lute without frets
- sarangi
- a bowed lute
- bansri
- a transverse flute
- bin
- an ancient and venerated plucked stick-zither
- harmonium
- a portable reed organ
- tabla
- a pair of small drums
- mrdangam
- a single wih two heads
- tambura
- an indian string instrument normally plays the drone in northern india
- sruti box
- a specialized reed organ in south india that normally plays the drone
- taraf
- sympathetic strings
- What components does raga include?
- a tuning system, scale system, tonic, certain melodic motives that are associated with a particular raga, certain ornamentation practices, extramusical association
- alap
- the non-pulsatile section that begins a classical indian performance
- how many pitches does raga use
- 7
- sa
- is the tonic or home pitch
- sruti
- microtone, a verysmall interval
- melakarta
- all the posible seven note scales that can be used
- semitone
- interval between any two adjacent notes in the complex twelve-tone per octave tuning system
- komal
- lowered tone
- tivra
- raised tone
- shuddh
- unaltered tone
- that
- a system of 32 possible heptatonic scales
- arohana
- ascnding scales
- avarohana
- descending scale
- chalan
- more expanded representation of a ragas characteristic rising and falling melody that includes its characteristic motvies
- vadi
- principal tone
- samvadi
- secondary principal tone usually 3 or 4 pitches above vadi
- gamak or gamaka
- characteristic ornamentation
- pakar
- uniquely associated with certain ragas
- gat
- metered section
- cadences
- ends of phrases
- rasa
- specific feelings that art can express
- ragamala
- paintings that depict certain scenes that illustrate the mood of a raga
- yoga
- spiritual discipline
- quanitative accents
- syllables are accented not through loudness but by holding them twice as long as unaccented syllables
- tala or tal
- cycling rhythms tha define repeating meters
- sam
- stresss is usually placed on the first beat
- khali
- opposite of sam, deemphsize beat of a cycle
- tali
- beats that are neither sam or khali, but are vibhag
- theka
- pattern in bols in northern india
- sokattu
- pattern of bols in southern india
- scat
- jazz vocalists improvisation
- qawal
- important type of relisgous songs
- qawwali
- wandering sufi mystics who sang devotional islamic songs
- dholak
- small hand held drum
- dhrupad
- grand but austere vocal froms
- pakhavaj
- ancient double headed drum
- khyal
- most prominent vocal genre in hindustani
- tans
- fast scalar runs
- tarana
- fast scat section
- thumri
- most important light classical vocal genre
- kriti
- most popular of the major vocal forms of south indian performances
- pallavi
- refrain of kriti music
- caranam
- the verse of kriti music
- anupallavi
- contrasting section to krtit
- ragam-tanam-pallavi
- a long and virtuosic form asssociated with court patronage
- bhajan
- popular devotional songs
- tillana
- popular dance songs
- kirtana
- songs hat include improv and form and intermediate step
- cinna melm
- instrumental ensemble of the Kerala state
- khamak
- string drum
- minimalism
- a style in which compersors experimentad with a minimum of means