APUSH Ch. 8

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Wildcat Bank: made it easy for settlers and speculators to get credit, when the states offered and made their own bank notes that were not regulated by the government, and made counterfeit money easy to come by, leading to economic crisis.
Corrupt Bargain: the name that Jacksonians gave to the issues of the 1824 election; when four Republican candidates all ran for presidency and the House of Representatives had to choose between the three candidates with the most votes (12th Amendment), one was ill, and Clay was out of the running, leaving Jackson and Adams. Clay, Jackson's most dangerous political rival in the West, supported Adams, and this endorsement helped Adams with the election. As president, Adams appointed Clay to the state department, which was believed to be a well established route to the presidency.
McCollough v. Maryland: 1819, Marshall confirmed the implied powers of Congress by upholding the constitutionality of the Bank of the United States, which had become very unpopular in the South and the West where some states tried to drive branches out of business. The two questions asked were; Could congress charter a bank?, and Could individual states ban or tax that bank?
Gibbobs v. Ogden: Aaron Ogden was given the power to carry passengers across the river between New York and New Jersey, by the state of New York, while Thomas Gibbons was granted the same power by an act of Congress. Ogden first brought suit and won in the New York courts, and then Gibbons appealed in the Supreme Court. The Court had to reason whether their power to give Gibbons a license to operate his ferry superseded the state of New York's power to grant Ogden a monopoly. Marshall claimed that the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce (navigation) was complete in itself and might be exercised to its utmost extent, meaning Ogden's monopoly was void.
Era of the Common Man: Jacksonians claimed, when they had victory in the election of 1828, that America had now entered a new and better era of democracy, one for the common man(landless men who recently got right to vote).
Era of Good Feelings: soon after Monroe's inauguration Monroe traveled the nation on a goodwill tour, which led to many including the Columbian Centinel, a Federalist newspaper in Boston, to call the time the "era of Good Feelings", at least on the surface.
Henry Clay: the admission of states into the union always took place in pairs, one free, one slave, creating an equal balance of free and slave states, but the admission of Missouri would cause an imbalance for either side. At the same time Maine, previously part of Massachusetts, wanted to enter the union as a free state. So, speaker of the house, Henry Clay, informed northern members that if they blocked Missouri from entering as a slave state, the south would block Maine as a free state.
Panic of 1819: after a period of economic boom after the War of 1812, where the prices of farm goods and land increased rapidly, and the wildcat and state banks gave easy credit to settlers and speculators, the National Bank finally decided to tighten credit, call in loans, and foreclose on mortgages. In effect, there was a series of failures by state banks, and the result was a financial panic and depression.
Cohens v. Virginia: 1821, Marshall affirmed the constitutionality of federal review of state court decisions, and the states had given up part of their sovereignty in ratifying the Constitution, he explained, and their courts must submit to federal jurisdiction.
The Seminole War: when Jackson received orders to stop the raids on American territory by Seminole Indians, he invaded Florida and seized the Spanish forts at St. Marks and Penascola, an operation which became known as the Seminole war. The American Government assumed responsibility for Jackson's raid, saying that they had done what was necessary to stop threats from across the borders, and showed the Spanish that the United States could easily take Florida by force, and that they might consider doing so, which led to more negotiations with Spanish minister, Onis.
James Monroe: Elected in 1817, he entered presidency at a favorable time; peace, and industrialized growth. His party also faced no serious opposition, as the Federalist party had died out, and he was the first president to visit all the states during his presidency, and ensures the people that all is well (era good feelings), and that he can be completely trusted.
Johnson v. McCintosh: leaders of the Illinois and Pinakeshaw tribes sold parcels of their land to a group of white settlers, and later signed a treaty with the federal government for the same territory. The Court once again gave the Governments claim precedence, and Marshall also claimed that Indian tribes had a basic right to their lands, and that no individual American citizens could buy or take land from the tribes, only the federal government could.
John Jacob Astor/ American Fur Company: after the War of 1812, this company and others extended their operations from the great Lakes area westward to the Rockies. At first, fur traders did most of their business by purchasing pelts from the Indians, but white trappers entered the region and joined the Iroquois and other Indians in pursuit of beaver and other furs.
John Quincy Adams: former Federalist, and New Englander, chosen by Monroe to be secretary of state. His appointment to this position foreshadowed like it had done for other presidents, that he would be the heir to Monroe, and would end the "Virginia Dynasty".
The Coffin Handbill: During the election of 1828, when the campaign between Jackson and Adams became a war of personal invective, Jacsonians charged that as president Adams was guilty of gross waste and extravagance. In return Adam's supporters called Jackson a murderer and distributed a list of coffin- shaped outlines with the names of militiamen whom Jackson was said to have shot in cold blood during the War of 1812
Simon Bolivar: Venezuelan liberator, who called an international conference in 1826, and Adams appointed delegates to attend, but Congress (mostly Jacksonians) who was opposed to the idea of white Americans mingling with the black Haiti delegates, did not approve of Adam's appointments until the conference was over.
Mountain Men: the name for trappers, who began trading in the Far West, were very small in number, but they developed important relationships with the existing residents of the West (Indian and Mexican) and altered the character of society there. They were young, single men, who often had relationships or married the Indian or Hispanic women of the area.
The Tarriff of Abominations: the states of the North East wanted a new tariff on imported goods, but to win support of western states, duties had to be placed on more items, and when signed and passed by Adams, the southerners were outraged.
King Caucus: until 1820, presidential candidates were nominated by caucuses of the two parties in Congress, but in 1824, this idea was overthrown.
American System: a coherent program which won Henry Clay, the Speaker of the House, a popular following, and proposed creating a great home market for factory and farm producers by raising the protective tariff, strengthening the national bank, and financing internal improvements
Virginia Dynasty: ever since 1800, the presidency seemed to have been the special possession of Virginians (Washington, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe), a fact that upset the North, who were growing impatient with Virginia ruling over the executive position.
William Becknell: in New Mexico, this Missouri trader began (1821) to offer American manufactured goods for sale, priced considerably below the inferior Mexican goods that had dominated the market in the past.
John Marshall: he had served as chief justice of the United States from 1801 to 1835, more than anyone but the framers themselves, he molded the development of the Constitution; strengthening the judicial branch at the expense of the executive and legislative branches, increasing the power of the federal government at the expense of the states, and advancing the interests of the propertied and commercial classes.
Fletcher v. Peck/ Yazoo Land Company: 1810, a series of notorious land frauds in Georgia, the Court had to decide whether the Georgia legislature of 1796 could repeal the act of the previous legislature granting lands under shady circumstances to the Yazoo Land Companies. Through a unanimous decision, Marshall held that the land grant was a valid contract and couldn't be repealed even if corruption was involved.
Andrew and William Ashley/ Rocky Mountain Fur Company: founded in 1822, recruited white trappers to move permanently into the Rockies, the Ashleys dispatched supplies annually to them in exchange for furs and skins, causing the trappers to live most of the year in isolation, and most of the profits from their furs flowed to merchants, not to trappers.
Nation Road: when Ohio entered the Union in 1803, the selling of its public lands helped finances the road construction, administered by Congress I 1807, of a national road stretching from the Potomac River to the Ohio. In 1818, the highway ran as far as Wheeling, Virginia, on the Ohio River; and the Lancaster Pike, financed in part by the state of Pennsylvania, extended westward to Pittsburg.
Missouri Compromise: during 1819- 1820, the differences between the North and South threatened the unity of the United States, until the Missouri Compromise averted a sectional crisis for some time, when it proposed to settle the controversy over slavery in the new western territories. Created by Senator Jesse B. Thomas of Illinois, this amendment prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase territory north of the southern boundary of Missouri.
Adam- Onis Treaty: when Onis realized through Jackson's actions that he had little choice but to come to terms with the Americans, Spain ceded all of Florida to the United States and gave up its claim to territory north of the 42nd parallel in the Pacific Northwest, in return the U.S. gave up its claims to Texas.
Second Bank of the United States: chartered in 1816, much like its predecessor of 1791 but with more capital; it could not forbid state banks from issuing notes, but its size and power enabled it to compel the state banks to issue only sound notes or risk being forced out of business.
Dartmouth College v. Woodward: when republicans gained control of the New Hampshire government, they tried to convert the private college into a state university. Daniel Webster argued for the college, that the Dartmouth charter was a contract, and was protected by the same doctrine used in Fletcher v. Peck, and the Court again ruled the same decision, claiming that corporation charters such as the one the colonial legislature had on colleges were inviolable contracts. The ruling placed restrictions on state governments in the controlling of corporations.
Tallmadge Amendment: when Missouri applied for admission to the union in 1819, Representative Tallmadge, Jr. of New York proposed an amendment to the Missouri statehood bill that would prohibit further introduction of slaves into the territory and provide for the gradual emancipation of those already there, provoking a controversy that would last for the next two years.
John C. Calhoun: Elected in 1817, he entered presidency at a favorable time; peace, and industrialized growth. His party also faced no serious opposition, as the Federalist party had died out, and he was the first president to visit all the states during his presidency, and ensures the people that all is well (era good feelings), and that he can be completely trusted.
William H Crawford: of Georgia was nominated by the Republican caucus(last caucus selection), as he was the favorite of the extreme states' rights faction of the party. But other candidates received nominations from state legislatures and won endorsements from mass meetings throughout the country.
The Monroe Doctrine: was the first and most famous American foreign policy, claiming that the United States would consider any foreign (European) challenge to the sovereignty of the American nation an unfriendly act, and that in return the U.S. would not involve itself in international concerns of European powers. The doctrine was an important expression of the growing nationalism in the U.S. in the 1820's, and it established the idea of the U.S. as the dominant power in the Western Hemisphere.
Worchester v. Georgia: 1832, the Supreme Court invalidated a Georgia law that was used to regulate access by U.S. citizens to the Cherokee country. Martial argued that only the federal government could interfere with the sovereignty of Indian tribes and their lands.
Francis Cabot Lowell: a Boston merchant developed a power loom better than its English counterpart, after examining textile machinery in England. In 1816, in Waltham, Massachusetts, Lowell founded the first mill in America to carry on the processes of spinning and weaving under a single roof.
Andrew Jackson: as Adams tried negotiating with the Spanish minister, Luis de Onis, about the U.S. possibly gaining the whole Florida territory, Jackson, now in command of American troops along the Florida frontier, hand orders from Secretary of War Calhoun to adopt the necessary measures, to stop continuing raids on American territory by Seminole Indians south of the border.
Daniel Webster: one of the Bank's attorneys, argued that establishing an institution of National Bank came within the "necessary and proper" clause of the Constitution and that the powered to tax involved a "power to destroy", or that the states could tax the Bank to death.

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