Chapter 9
Terms
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- Mesoamerica
- chronologically the fifth urban herath, dating to 200 bc
- agricultural surplus
- one of two components, together with social stratification, that enable the formation of cities; agricultural productionin exess of that which the producer needs for his or her own sustenance and that of his or her family and which is then sold for sonsumption by others
- suburb
- a subsidiary urban area surrounding and connected to the central city.
- informal economy
- economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government; and is not included in that government's Gross National Product
- zone
- area of a city with a relatively uniform land use (e.g. an industrial zonation, or a residential zone).
- blockbusting
- rapid change in the racial composition of residential blocks in American cities that occurs when real estate agents and others stir up fears of neighborhood decline after encouraging people of color to move to previoulsy white neighborhoods
- gated communities
- restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests
- urban
- the entire built-up, non-rural area and its population, including the the most recently constructed suburban appendages.
- central business district
- the downtown heart of a central city, it is marked by high land values, a concentration of business and commerce, and the clustering of the tallest buildings
- leadership class
- group of decision-makers and organizers in early cities who controlled the resources, and often the lives, of others
- site
- the internal physical attributes of a place, including its absolute location, its spatial character and physical setting
- zoning laws
- legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of building and economic activities are allowed to take place in certain areas
- city
- conglomeration of people and buildings clustered together to serve as a center of politics, culture, and economics
- rank-size rule
- in a model urban hierarchy, the idea that the population of a city or town will be inversely proprtional to its rank in the hierarchy
- spaces of consupmtion
- areas of a city, the main pupose of which id to encourage people to consume goods and services; driven primerily by the global media industry
- Indus River Valley
- chronologically, the third urgan hearth, dating to 2200 bc
- situation
- the external locational attributes of a place; its relative location or regional position with reference to other nonlocal places
- central place theory
- theory proposed by walter christaller that explains how and where central places in the urban hierarchy should be functionally and spatially distributed with respect to one another
- urban morphology
- the study of the physical form and structure of urban places
- disamenity sector
- the very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to the regular city services and are controlled by gangs or drug lords.
- social stratification
- one of two components, together with agricultural surplus, which enables the formation of cities; the differentiation of society into classes based on wealth, power, production, and prestige
- suburbanization
- Movement of upper and middle class people from urban core areas to the surrounding outskirts to escape pollution as well as deteriorating social conditions (perceiced and actual).
- Sunbelt phenomen
- the movement of millions of Americans from northern and northeastern states to the south and southwest regions of the united states
- agricultural village
- a relatively small, egalitarian village, where most of the population was involved in agriculture
- McGee model
- Developed by geographer T. G. McGee, a model showing similar land-use patterns among the medium-sized cities of Southeast Asia.
- first urban revolution
- the innovation of the city, which occurred independently in five seperate hearths
- acropolis
- literally "high point of the city." The upper fortified part of an ancient greek city, usually devoted to religious purposes
- world city
- Dominant city in terms of its role in the global political economy.
- Griffin-Ford model
- developed by geographers Ernest Griffin and Larry Ford, a model of the Latin American city showing a blend of the traditional elements of Latin American culture with the forces of globalization that are reshaping the urban scene
- primate city
- a country's largest city-- ranking atop the urban hierarchy-- most expressive of the national culture and usually (but not always) the capital city as well
- shanty towns
- unplanned slum developments on the margins of cities, dominated by crude dwellings and shelters made mostly of scrap,wood,iron, and pieces of cardboard
- McMansions
- homes referred to as such because of their "super size" and similarity in appearance to other such homes; homes often built in place of tear-downs in american suburbs
- commercialization
- the transformation of an area of a city into an area attractive to residents and tourists alike in terms of economy activity
- Nile River Valley
- chronologically the second urban hearth, dating to 3200 bc
- agora
- in ancient greece, public places where citizens debated, lectured, judged each other, planned military campaigns, socialized, and traded
- tear-downs
- homes bought in many American suburbs with the intent of tearing them down and replacing them with much larger homes often refered to as McMansions
- central city
- the urban area that is not suburban; generally, the older or original city that is surrounded by newer suburbs
- trade area
- region adjacent to every town and city within which its influence is dominant
- Forum
- the focal point of ancient Roman life combining the functions of the ancient greek acropolis and agora
- gentrification
- the rehabilitation of deteriorated, often abandoned, housing of low-income inner-city residents
- functional zonation
- the division of a city into different regions or zones for certain purposes or functions
- urban sprawl
- unrestricted growth of housing, commercial developments, and roads over large expanses of land, with little concern for urban planning
- new urbanism
- outlined by a group of architects, urban planners, and developers from over 20 countries, an urban design that calls for development, urban revitalization, and suburban reforms that create walkable neighborhoods with a diversity of housing and jobs
- Mesopotamia
- region of great cities (e.g. ur and babylon) located between the tigris and euphrates rivers; cronologically the first urban hearth, dating to 3500 bce, and which was founded in the fertile crescent
- urban realm
- A spatial generalization of the large, late-twentieth-century city in the United States. It is shown to be a widely dispersed, multicentered metropolis consisting of increasingly independent zones or realms, each focused on its own suburban downtown; the only exception is the shrunken central realm, which is focused on the Central Business District (CBD).
- edge cities
- a term introduced by american journalist joel garreau in order to describe the shifting focus of urbanization in the united states away from the central business district (CBD) toward the loci of economic activity at the urban fringe (extensive amounts of office and retail space, frew residential areas, modern buildings, less than 30 years old)
- concentric zone model
- a structural model of the american central city that suggests the existence of five concentric land-use rings arranged around a common center
- Huang He & Wei
- rivers in present-day China; chronologically the fourth urban hearth was established around 1500 BCE