The Later Middle Ages in Europe
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- Who began the crusades?
- Pope Urban II
- Who supported the crusades?
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- religious people
- sinners (were forgiven)
- nobles
- middle class merchants
- serfs
- adventurers - When was the first crusade?
- 1096
- When was the third crusade?
- 1189
- Who led the first crusade?
- Godfrey of Bouillon.
- Who led the third crusade?
- King Frederik Barbossa (Germany), Phillip Agustus (France), and Richard the Lionhearted (England).
- What were the achievments of the first crusade?
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- Drove the Moslems from the Holy Land
- Established a Christian kingdom on the Holy Land
- Gained Control of Jerusalem. - What were the achievments of the third crusade?
- Richard the Lionhearted (England) made Saladin grant passage into Jerusalem.
- Who was Jerusalem lost to and how long were the Moslems in control?
- Saladin, until after WWI.
- What happened during future crusades?
- They failed to establish Christian rule in Palestine.
- What were the effects of the Crusades?
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- broadened peoples' outlooks
- stimulated trade and towns
- strengthened the kind (central government)
- weakened nobility
- weakened serfdom
- encouraged learning
- Europeans wanted Asian goods more
- towns became essential for trade (no adequate transportation) - Bourgeoisie: (groups)
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French townspeople (Middle Class)
- merchants
- shopkeepers
- bankers
- professionals - What three areas were major trading centers?
- Italy, Belgium (Flanders providence), and Norther Europe - specifically Germany.
- What towns in Italy were strong in trade?
- Venice, Genoa, Pisa, and Naples.
- What was Italy's trading advantage?
- It was boardered by the Mediterranean sea and had a history of trade.
- What were the advantages of life in the Middle Ages?
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1. Towns attracted enterprising people
2. Offered freedom from feudal restrictions
3. Life varied
4. There were cultural and educational facilities
5. Opportunities from economic advancement. - What three things contributed to the European cultures' advance?
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1. the Catholic Church provided leadership and support.
2. the crusades spread knowledge
3. towns became centers for learning and trading. - Romanesque style:
- Think ancient Roman architechture (Cathedral in Pisa, It)
- Gothic style:
- architechture that lets in more sunlight (Notre Dame).
- What difficulties did students at universities face?
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- taught in Latin
- lacked books
- limited libraries, labs, and classrooms. - Alchemists:
- Scientists who tried to make gold -> Chemistry
- Astrologer:
- Tried to tell the future using the stars and planets -> Astronomy
- What was invented during the Middle Ages?
- magnifying lenses, mechanical clocks, glass windows, and gunpowder.
- Roger Bacon:
- A man who said people must experiment and learn.
- Scholasticism:
- defending the faith through facts and ideas.
- Peter Abelard:
- an author who showed various views on religion.
- St. Thomas Aquinas:
- The greatest philosopher of all times (his times).
- Epics:
- stories of heros
- lyrics:
- love stories
- What were the most popular forms of storytelling during the Middle Ages?
- epic poetry, lyrics (love stories), and romances (full-length novels).
- Minestrels (S. France)
- Troubadours:
- Minestrels (Germany)
- minnesingers: