Chabner LOM Ch. 15 Musculoskeletal System
Terms
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- acetabulum
- Rounded depression, or socket, in the pelvic bone where the femur (thigh bone) joins the pelvis, forming the hip joint.
- acromion
- Outward extension of the shoulder bone forming the point of the shoulder. It overlies the shoulder joint and articulates with the clavicle.
- articular cartilage
- Thin layer of cartilage occurring at the ends of long bones and covering any part of bone that comes together with another bone to form a joint.
- calcium
- One of the mineral constituents of bone. Calcium phosphate is the major calcium salt in bones.
- cancellous bone
- Spongy, porous, trabecular bone.
- cartiliginous tissue (cartilage)
- Flexible, rubbery connective tissue. It is found on joint surfaces throughout life and in the immature skeleton at the epiphyseal growth plate.
- collagen
- Dense connective tissue strands found in bone.
- compact bone
- Hard, dense bone tissue.
- condyle
- Knuckle-like process at the end of a bone near the joint.
- cranial bones
- skull bones: ethmoid, frontal, occipital, parietal, sphenoid, and temporal.
- diaphysis
- Shaft, or midportion, of a long bone.
- disc (disk)
- Flat, round, plate-like structure. An intervertebral disc is a fibrocartilaginous substance between two vertebrae.
- epiphyseal plate
- Cartiliginous area at the ends of long bones where lengthwise growth takes place.
- epiphysis
- Each end of a long bone; the area beyond the epiphyseal plate.
- facial bones
- lacrimal, mandible, maxillae, nasal, vomer, and zygomatic bones.
- fontanelle
- Soft spot (incomplete formation) between the skull bones of an infant.
- foramen
- Opening or passage in bones where blood vessels, nerves, or both enter and leave. The foramen magnum is the opening of the occipital bone through which the spinal cord passes.
- fossa
- Shallow cavity in a bone.
- haversian canals
- Minute spaces filled with blood vessels; found in compact bone.
- malleolus
- Round process on both sides of the ankle joint. The lateral malleolus is part of the fibula, and the medial malleolus is part of the tibia.
- mastoid process
- Round projection on the temporal bone behind the ear.
- medullary cavity
- Central, hollowed-out area in the shaft of a long bone.
- metaphysis
- The flared portion of a long bone, lying between the diaphysis (shaft) and the epiphyseal plate (meta- means between).
- olecranon
- Large process on the proximal end of the ulna; the point of the flexed elbow.
- osseous tissue
- Bone tissue.
- ossification
- Process of bone formation.
- osteoblast
- bone cell that helps form bone tissue.
- osteoclast
- Bone cell that absorbs and removes unwanted bone tissue.
- periosteum
- Membrane surrounding bones; rich in blood vessels and nerve tissue.
- phosphorus
- mineral substance found in bones in combination with calcium.
- pubic symphysis
- Area of confluence (coming together) of the two pubic bones. They are joined (sym- means together, -physis means to grow)by a fibrocartilaginous disc.
- red bone marrow
- Found in cancellous bone; site of hematopoiesis.
- ribs
- These 24 elongated, curved bones form the bony wall of the chest. True ribs are the first 7 pairs; false ribs are pairs 8-10; floating ribs are pairs 11 and 12.
- sinus
- Cavity within a bone.
- styloid process
- Pole-like process on the temporal bone.
- trabeculae
- Supporting bundles of bony fibers in cancellous (spongy) bone.
- trochanter
- Large process below the neck of the femur; attachment site for muscles and tendons.
- tubercle
- Small, rounded process on a bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons.
- tuberosity
- Large, rounded process on a bone; attachment site for muscles and tendons.
- vertebra
- individual back bone composed of the vertebral body, vertebral arch, spinous process, transverse process, lamina, and neural canal.
- xiphoid process
- Lower, narrow portion of the sternum.
- yellow bone marrow
- Fatty tissue found in the diaphyses of long bones.
- calc/o
- calcium
- calci/o
- calcium
- kyph/o
- humpback (posterior curvature in the thoracic region)
- lamin/o
- lamina (part of the vertebral arch)
- lord/o
- curve, swayback (anterior curvature in the lumbar region)
- lumb/o
- loins, lower back
- myel/o
- bone marrow
- orth/o
- straight
- oste/o
- bone
- scoli/o
- crooked, bent (lateral curvature)
- spondyl/o
- vertebra (used to make words about conditions of the structure)
- vertebr/o
- vertebra (used to describe the structure)
- -blast
- embryonic or immature cell
- -clast
- to break
- -listhesis
- slipping
- -malacia
- softening
- -physis
- to grow
- -porosis
- pore, passage
- -tome
- instrument to cut
- acetabul/o
- acetabulum (hip socket)
- calcane/o
- calcaneus (heel bone)
- carp/o
- carpals (wrist bones)
- clavicul/o
- calvicle (collar bone)
- cost/o
- ribs (true ribs, false ribs, and floating ribs)
- crani/o
- cranium (skull)
- femor/o
- femur (thigh bone)
- fibul/o
- fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
- humer/o
- humerus (upper arm bone)
- ili/o
- ilium (upper part of the pelvic bone)
- isch/o
- ischium (posterior part of the pelvic bone)
- mandibul/o
- mandible (lower jaw bone)
- maxill/o
- maxilla (upper jaw bone)
- metacarp/o
- metacarpals (hand bones)
- metatars/o
- metatarsals (foot bones)
- olecran/o
- olecranon (elbow)
- patell/o
- patella (kneecap)
- pelv/i
- pelvis (hip bone)
- perone/o
- fibula (smaller lower leg bone)
- phalang/o
- phalanges (finger bones)
- pub/o
- pubis (anterior part of the pelvic bone)
- radi/o
- radius (lower arm bone - thumb side)
- scapul/o
- scapula (shoulder bone)
- stern/o
- sternum (breast bone)
- tars/o
- tarsals (bones of the hindfoot)
- tibi/o
- tibia (shin bone)
- uln/o
- ulna (lower arm bone - little finger side)
- Ewing sarcoma
- Malignant bone tumor.
- exostosis
- Bony growth arising from the surface of bone, such as osteochondromas and bunions.
- osteochondroma
- An exostosis composed of cartilage and bone usually found on the metaphyses of long bones near the epiphyseal plates.
- bunion
- Abnormal swelling of the medial aspect of the joint between the big toe and the first metatarsal bone.
- fracture
- sudden breaking of bone
- Colles fracture
- occurs near the wrist joint at the lower end of the radius.
- comminuted fracture
- bone is splintered or crushed into several pieces. A simple fracture means that a bone breaks in only one place and is therefore not comminuted.
- compression fracture
- bone is compressed; often occurs in vertebrae.
- greenstick fracture
- bone is partially broken and partially bent on the opposite side, as when a green stick breaks; occurs in children.
- impacted fracture
- fracture in which one fragment is driven firmly into the other.
- osteogenic sarcoma
- Malignant tumor arising from bone (osteosarcoma). This is the most common type of malignant bone tumor.
- osteomalacia
- Softening of bone, with inadequate amounts of mineral (calcium) in the bone.
- osteomyelitis
- Inflammation of the bone and bone marrow secondary to infection.
- osteoporosis
- Decrease in bone density (mass); thinning and weakening of bone.
- talipes
- Congenital abnormality of the hindfoot (involving the talus). Ex: talipes equinovarus, or clubfoot. In this congenital deformity, the patient cannot stand with the sole of the foot flat on the ground.
- articulation
- joint
- bursa (plural: bursae)
- Sac of fluid near a joint; promotes smooth sliding of one tissue against another.
- ligament
- Connective tissue binding bones to other bones; supports, strengthens, and stabilizes the joint.
- suture joint
- Type of joint in which apposed surfaces are closely united.
- synovial cavity
- Space between bones at a synovial joint; contains synovial fluid produced by the synovial membrane.
- synovial fluid
- Viscous (sticky) fluid within the synovial cavity.
- synovial joint
- A freely movable joint.
- synovial membrane
- Membrane lining the synovial cavity; it produces synovial fluid.
- tendon
- Connective tissue that binds muscles to bones.
- ankyl/o
- crooked, bent, stiff
- arthr/o
- joint
- articul/o
- joint
- burs/o
- bursa
- chondr/o
- cartilage
- ligament/o
- ligament
- rheumat/o
- watery flow
- synov/o
- synovial membrane
- ten/o
- tendon
- tendin/o
- tendon
- -desis
- to bind, tie together
- -stenosis
- narrowing
- arthritis
- inflammation of joints.
- ankylosing spondylitis
- Chronic, progressive arthritis with stiffening of joints, primarily of the spine.
- gouty arthritis
- Inflammation of joints caused by excessive uric acid in the body.
- osteoarthritis
- Progressive, degenerative joint disease characterized by loss of articular cartilage and hypertrophy of bone (formation of osteophytes or bone spurs) at articular surfaces.
- rheumatoid arthritis
- A chronic disease in which joints become inflamed and painful. It is believed to be caused by an immune (autoimmune) reaction against joint tissues, particularly against the synovial membrane.
- Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (CTS)
- Compression (by a wrist ligament) of the median nerve as it passes between the ligament and the bones and tendons of the wrist (the carpal tunnel).
- dislocation
- Displacement of a bone from its joint.
- ganglion
- A fluid-filled cyst arising from the joint capsule or a tendon in the wrist.
- herniation of an intervertebral disc (disk)
- Abnormal protrusion of a fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc into the neural canal or spinal nerves.
- Lyme disease
- A recurrent disorder marked by severe arthritis, myalgia, malaise, and neurologic and cardiac symptoms.
- sprain
- Trauma to a joint with pain, swelling, and injury to ligaments.
- systemic lupus erythmatosus (SLE)
- Chronic inflammatory disease involving joints, skin, kidneys, nervous system, heart, and lungs.
- abduction
- Movement away from the midline of the body.
- adduction
- Movement toward the midline of the body.
- dorsiflexion
- Backward (upward) bending of the foot.
- extension
- Straightening of a flexed limb.
- fascia
- Fibrous membrane separating and enveloping muscles.
- flexion
- Bending
- insertion of a muscle
- Connection of the muscle to a bone that moves.
- origin of a muscle
- Connection of the muscle to a stationary bone.
- plantar flexion
- Bending the sole of the foot downward toward the ground.
- pronation
- Turning the palm backward.
- rotation
- Circular movement around a central point.
- skeletal muscle
- Muscle connected to bones; voluntary or striated muscle.
- smooth muscle
- Muscle connected to internal organs; involuntary or visceral muscle.
- striated muscle
- skeletal muscle
- supination
- Turning the palm forward.
- visceral muscle
- smooth muscle
- fasci/o
- fascia (forms sheaths enveloping muscles)
- fibr/o
- fibrous connective tissue
- leiomy/o
- smooth (visceral) muscle that lines the walls of internal organs.
- my/o
- muscle
- myocardi/o
- heart muscle
- myos/o
- muscle
- plant/o
- sole of the foot
- rhabdomy/o
- skeletal (striated) muscle connected to bones.
- -asthenia
- lack of strength
- -trophy
- development, nourishment
- ab-
- away from
- duct/o
- to lead
- ad-
- toward
- dorsi-
- back
- poly-
- many, much
- muscular dystrophy
- A group of inherited diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of muscle fibers without involvement of the nervous system.
- polymyositis
- Chronic inflammatory myopathy.
- anitnuclear antibody test (ANA)
- A sample of plasma is tested for the presence of antibodies that are found in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR)
- This test measures the rate at which erythrocytes fall to the bottom of a test tube. Elevated sedimentation rates are associated with inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis.
- rheumatoid factor test
- A sample of blood is tested for the presence of the rheumatoid factor (an antibody found in the serum of patients with rheumatoid arthritis).
- serum calcium (Ca)
- Measurement of the amount of calcium in blood (serum).
- serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
- Creatine phosphokinase is an enzyme normally present in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Elevated serum CPK levels are found in muscular dystrophy, myocardial infarction, and skeletal muscle disorders.
- serum phosphorus (P)
- Measurement of the amount of phosphorus in a sample of serum.
- uric acid test
- This test measures the amount of uric acid in a sample of blood. High values are associated with gouty arthritis.
- arthrocentesis
- Surgical puncture of the joint space with a needle. Synovial fluid is removed for analysis.
- arthrography
- Process of taking x-ray pictures of a joint after injection of opaque contrast material.
- arthroplasty
- Surgical repair of a joint.
- arthroscopy
- Visual examination of the inside of a joint with an endoscope. Small surgical instruments are passed into the joint to remove and repair damaged tissue. Arthroscopy is used primarily to visualize the knee, ankle, and shoulder.
- bone scan
- A radioactive phosphate substance is injected intravenously, and uptake of the substance in bone is measured by a special scanning device. Areas that take up excessive amounts of radioactive substance may contain tumors, infection, inflammation, stress fractures or other destructive changes.
- dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
- X-rays are taken of bones in the spinal column, pelvis, and wrist, and a machine (an x-ray detector) measures how well the rays penetrate the bones. This is a test of bone density and is used to diagnose osteoporosis.
- electromyography (EMG)
- The process of recording the strength of muscle contraction as a result of electrical stimulation.
- muscle biopsy
- removal of muscle tissue for microscopic examination.
- ACL
- anterior cruciate ligament
- ANA
- antinuclear antibody
- C1-C7
- cervical vertebrae
- Ca
- calcium
- CPK
- creatine phosphokinase
- CTS
- carpal tunnel syndrome
- DEXA
- dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry
- DTR
- deep tendon reflexes
- EMG
- electromyography
- ESR
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- IM
- intramuscular
- L1-L5
- lumbar vertebrae
- LE cell
- lupus erythmatosus cell
- Ortho.
- orthopedics
- P
- phosphorus
- RA
- rheumatoid arthritis
- RF
- rheumatoid factor
- ROM
- range of motion
- sed rate
- erythrocyte sedimentation rate
- SLE
- systemic lupus erythematosus
- T1-T12
- thoracic vertebrae
- TMJ
- temporomandibular joint