Chabner Chapter 5 - Digestive System
Terms
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- absorption
- passage of materials through the walls of the intestine into the bloodstream
- amino acids
- building blocks of proteins and produced when proteins are digested
- amylase
- enzyme secreted by the pancreas to digest starch
- anus
- opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
- appendix
- blind pouch hanging from the cecum
- bile
-
Digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder.
It breaks up large fat globules.
It has a bitter taste.
It is composed of bile pigments, cholesterol and bile salts. - bilirubin
- pigment released by the liver in bile
- bowel
- intestine
- canine teeth
-
pointed, dog-like (canine) teeth. next to (distal to) the incisors.
Also called cuspids and eyeteeth - cecum
- first part of the large intestine
- colon
-
large intestine:
cecum
ascending colon
transverse colon
descending colon
rectum - common bile duct
- carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum
- defecation
- expulsion or passage of feces from the body through the anus
- deglutition
- swallowing
- dentin
-
major tissue composing teeth.
covered by the enamel in the crown
protective layer of cementum in the root - digestion
- breakdown of complex foods to simplier forms
- duodenum
-
first part of small intestine.
duo = 2
den = 10
2 + 10 = 12
the duodenum is 12 inches long - elimination
- removal of waste material from the body
- emulsification
- physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules, thus increasing the surface area that enzymes can use to digest the fat.
- enamel
- hard, outermost layer of a tooth
- enzyne
-
a chemical that speeds up a reaction between substances.
digestive enzymes help in the breakdown of complex foods to simplier foods - esophagus
-
tube connecting the throat to the stomach.
eso = inward
phag/o = swallowing - fatty acids
- substances produced when fats are digested
- feces
- solid wastes; stools
- gallbladder
- small sac under the liver; stores bile
- glucose
- simple sugar
- glycogen
-
starch
glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells - hydrocholoric acid
-
substance produced by the stomach
necessary for digestion of food - ileum
- 3rd part of the small intestine
- incisor
- one of 4 front teeth in the dental arch
- insulin
-
hormone produced by the endocrine cells of the pancreas.
transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver - jejunum
- 2nd part of the small intestine
- lipase
- pancreatic enzyme necessary to digest fats
- liver
-
a large organ located in the RUQ of the abdomen.
liver secretes bile
liver stores sugar, iron and vitamins
liver produces blood proteins
liver destroys worn-out RBCs
normal adult liver weighs 2 1/2 - 3 lbs - lower esophangeal sphincter (LES)
-
ring of muscles b/t the esophagus and the stomach
also called the cardiac sphincter - mastication
- chewing
- molar teeth
- 6th, 7th and 8th teeth from the middle on either side of the dental arch.
- palate
-
roof of the mouth
the hard palate lies anterior to the soft palate - pancreas
-
organ under the stomach
produces insulin
-for transport of sugar into cells
produces enzymes
-for digestion of foods - papillae
- small elevations on the tongue
- parotid gland
-
salivary gland within the cheek
anterior to the ear - peristalsis
-
rhythm-like contractions of the tubes of the GI tract and other tubular structures.
peristalsis moves the contents through the GI tract at different rates:
-stomach: 0.5 - 2 hours
-small intestine: 2 - 6 hours
-colon: 6 - 71 hours - pharynx
-
throat
common passageway for food from the mouth and air from the nose - portal vein
- large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
- protease
- enzymes that digest protein
- pulp
-
soft tissue within a tooth
contains nerves and blood vessels - pyloric sphincter
- ring of muscle fibers at the distal region of the stomach where it joins at the duodenum
- rectum
- last section of the colon
- rugae
- ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
- saliva
- digestive juice produced by salivary glands
- salivary glands
- parotid, sublingual and submandibular glands
- sigmoid colon
-
lower part of the colon
shaped like an s - sphincter
- ring of muscle fibers that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
- stomach
-
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus
the stomach's parts are:
-fundus (proximal section)
-body (middle section)
-antrum (distal section) - triglycerides
- large fat molecules composed of 3 parts fatty acid and 1 part glycerol
- uvula
- soft tissue hanging from the soft palate in the mouth
- villi
- microscopic projections in the walls of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream