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What color does Gram + stain
What color does Gram - stain -
Blue - dark purple
Pink to red - 2 categories of mechanism of action of antiinfective drugs
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1. Bacteriostatic - inhibits
2. Bactericidal - kills - Culture & sensitivity tests
- inoculate some media into colonies to determine the type of bacteria
- Special consierations for using anitmicrobial drugs
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1. Do not use for mild infections
2. Do notdismiss principals of asepsis
3. Use of antimicrobials should be based on deinitive dx
4. Antimicrobial should eb administered in full theraputic doses
5. Use topical or local before systemic
6. Be careful with withdrawal times for food animals - How do penicillins work
- bind with bacterial enzymes PBP - penicillin binding proteins which maake the cell wall rigid & rupture
- What does betalacytumase or penicillinase do
- inactivates penicillin that the bacteria creates
- What must you do with penicillins that are reconstitiute
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Refrigerate & date
Use in 5 days - Penicillin G properties
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1. Most common
2. Narrow spectrum
3. Gram + - Which forms of Pen G can be IC
- 1. PenG Sodium or Pen G potassium - CLEAR FORMS
- What other Pen is same as Pen G
- Pen benzathine
- Uses for pen G
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1. staph
2. strep
3. prnumonis
4. bronchitis
5. URI infectins
6. Snake bites
Post-op pr post dental extraction
7. Pervents 2nd infectins
87. Can use in rabbits - Adverse reaction of Pen G
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1. systemic anaphalysis
2.Degraded by Hydro chloric acid so need to admin on empty stomach
3. Altered by different salts - alters absorption rate - What is hamberger helper for Pen G
- Procaine extends dosage life from 4 to 24 hours
- Which Pen is oral only
- Pen B
- Which pen has best GI absorption
- Amoxicillin
- Which pen is most concentrated
- ampicillin
- Best uses for ampicillin
- organ infections & organs caused by ampicillin-sensitive bacteria
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What is potentiated Pen
& an example -
Reached its full potential
Clavamoxm+ clavulanate potassium - Properties of clavamox + clavulanate potassium work
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beta-lactam antibiotic _ beta- lactamase inhibitor.
Works against e.coli, wtaphs, strep, pasturella - What is clavamox
- Broad spectrum antibiotic
- How is cephalosporins made
- derived from a mold & classified into genterations
- Action of cephalosporins
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bactericidal, broad specturm
ruptures the cell wals
Best against juvenile forms of an organism - Types of cephalosporins
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`1. cephalexin - keflex
2. cefadroxil
3. cephalothin
4. cefazolin - What is often used in parvo puppies
- cefazolin
- Which form of cephalosporins is the most stabile
- Dry form, once re-constituted refrigerate & use w/in 1 -5 day
- Properties of cephalothin
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1. IV best
2. IM or SQ are painful
3. "Keflin"
4. inactivated in liver
5. infectin si n resp tract, skin, urinary, soft tissue, bone, joints -
Properties of cephazolin
Examples -
generically available
2. parvo puppies
3. IV best
4. "Kefzol"
5. "amcef" - Properties & examples of cephalexin
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1. oral - liquid or capsule
2. Keflex" generics
3. Urinary tract infections - Cefadroxil Examples
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1. Cefa- tabs or Cefa -drops
Tabs & liquid
CAn inject but $$$$$ - Cefataxime
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Use for gram - bacteria in exotics
2. Injectible only -
Which cephalosporins can be used in lactating dairy animals
& who else -
1. Ceftifur sodium
Rabbits & large animals, horses, camelids - Example of ceftidfur sodium
- "naxcel
- uses for cephalosporins
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1. custisit
2. pre & post orthopedic sx,
3. soft tissue infectins (pyodermia
5.People bitten as a replacement for Pen - Adverse side effects of cephalosporins
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1. Anaphylaxis
2. Cats puke * diarrhea - What is commonly used in flocks & why
- Tetracyclines b/c can be put in drinking water
- Characteristics of tetracyclines
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1. Bacteriostaatic
2. Broad spectrum against Gram + & -
3. Inhibit protein synthesis so bacteria can't divide - Common tetracyclines
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1. tetracyclin
2. oxytertacycline
3. doxycycline
4. minocycline` - uses of tetracyclines
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1. Clamidia,
2. resp.tract infections
3. bacterial enteritis
4. - Adverse effects of tetracyclines
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1. interferes w/ enamel b/c binds with teeth calcium causing staining
2. Not growing animals
3. not pregnant or lactating animals
4. tissue sloughing if shot outside the vein
5. NO dairy products when using b/c of calcium
6. Inactivates p
7. Need toevaluate renal function
8. Hepato-toxicity in some individuals - Dental use of tetracyclines
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1.sprinkle on extraction site to kill bacteria in mouth
2. DoxyRob gel - inject gel into the pocket that form a cement w/ antibiotics - Action of aminoglycosides
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1. Broad spectum
2. bactericidal
3. inhibits protein synthesis & cell division
4. inhibits bacteria from metabolizing - Common aminoglycosides
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1. gentamycin
2. amikacin
3. kanamycin
4. streptomycin
5.Neomycin - Uses for aminoglycosides
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1. Pneumonia
2. endometritis
3. Urinary tract infections
4. bacterial enteritis
5. conjunctivitis
6. skin & soft tissue infe tions caused by aminoglycoside-susceptible micororganisms - Adverse side effects of aminoglycosides
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1. Nephrotoxic - not reversible
2. oto (ears- toxic - reversible
3. neruomuscular synaptic disfunctin
4. may cuse diarrhea - Uses for gentamycin
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topical & parentral only -IM & SQ
IV in parvo puppies
Otic, ophthalmic & skin topical - Uses of amikacin & example
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1. parentral only
2. AMiglide V for chronic infection in burds
3. Dogs w/ pneumonia (Gram- of respiratory) -
Uses of Kanamycin
& example -
1. parentral & oral only
2. anti-diarrheal
"Kantrim" - Uses of Streptomycin
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1. parentral
2. Combo with other antibiotics like pen
3. - Adverse effects of streptomycin
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1. intestinal problems
2. cdontact dermatitis
3. acute toxitiy - vomiting & nausea
4. resp depressin
5. ataxia - hard to move around
6. loss of consciousness
7. paralysis
8. CATS - sensitive - tx with epinephrine & corticosteroids - Uses of neomycin
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1. topically & orally
2. panalog - combo with other antibiotics
3. combo w/ antifungal & corticosteroids
4. "n" in BNP = pral neopectalyn for diarrhea
4. - Activity of sulfonomides (Sulfa drugs)
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1. bacteriostatic
2. broad spectrum
3. combo withothers to be bacteriocidal - How are asulfonomides divides
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duration of effect:
Short- 4-8 hr
Med- 12-24 hr
Long - 24 -72 hr - Types of sulfonomides
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1. oral
2. parenteral
3. topical - Examples of sulfonomides
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1. Sulfadimethoxine (Albon)
2. Sulfadiazine/Trimethoprim (Tribissen) or Di-trim
3.Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim(Bactrim ) or Septram (liq for humans
4. Sulfachlopyridazine (vetisulid
5. Suldamethazine SMZ
6. Sulfalazine (Azilifidine - flagil
7. sulfadimethoxine/ormetoprim (Primor - Uses of sulfonomides
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1. respiratory tract infectins
2. repro & urinary tract infection
3.asterelosis in rabbits
4. colitis
5. Coccidiosis in D & C - Adverse side effects of sulfonomides
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1. crystal formation in kidney so need lots of H2O
2. Rahses
3. Blood dyscrasis - "crazy blood" unequal immature to mature RBC in circulation
4. Neurologic disorders
5. GI disturbances
6. Allergic reactions
7. Fever
8. Stomatitis
9. Conjuctivitis KCS
10. Arthritis
11. Hepatic necrosis
12. Anemis - Clinical conseiderations when using sulfonomides
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1. Lots of water
2. assess theraputic value after 7 days
3. Skin irritation so DO NOT USE as WOUND DRESSING - Brand name for Sulfadimethoxine
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1. Albon
2. Bactrovet - Brand name for Sulfadiazine/Trimethoprie
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1. Tribissen
2.Ditrim - - When use bactrim
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1. rabbits
2. guinea pigs
3. chinchilla - Brand name for Sulfamethoxazole/Trimethoprim
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1. Bactrin
2. Septra (liq for human) - Brand name for Sulfachlopyridazine
- 1. Vetisulid - Gram - for birds in drinking water
- Brand name for Sulfamethazine
- SMZ - combo with trimethrpim for generic
- Brand name for SULFASALAZINE
- Azildine (tab) AKA Flagil
- Brand name for Sulfamethoxine/Ormetoprim
- Primor (tab) resp & urinary
- Action of Chloramphenicol
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1. compounded
2. use topically
3. bacteriostatic against Gram - & +
4. braod spectrum
5. rickettsia - Uses of Chloramphenicol
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1. Bacterial resp infectins
2. Urinary tract infections
3. enteritis
4. Bacterial cvonjunctivitis
5. Eye ointment for rodents - Adverse side effects of Chloramphenicol
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1. Acute anaphylaxix in humans
2. Vomitting in cats
3. Blood dyscrasias (morbid condition with abnormal or pathological condition of blood)in cats if prolonged use
4. NOT ith codeine or Phenobarbital - What is the big reason to use Claxamon
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1. Combo of amox _ calvulanate potassim
2. BID - extended duration - Uses for clavamox
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1. Staph
2. e.coli
3. strep
4. pasterella
5. skin infectin
6. soft tissue wounds
7. Urinary tract infect - Contraindications for clavamox
- 1. penicillin allergies
- Clinical uses for Macrolides
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1. Upper resp
2. mastitis
3. metritis
4. foot rot - Examples of Macrolides
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1. Erythromycin
2. Tylosin - Adverse effects of Macrolides
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1. Vomitting
2. diarrhea - Uses for Lincosamides
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1. Upper resp
2. skin infections in D<C swine
3. mastitis in cattle - Examples of Lincosimides
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Lincomycin (Lincocin
2. Clindamycin (Antirobe) - Activity of Fluoroquinolones
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1. Bactericidal
2. Effective against Gram + & -
3. inhoibits DNA manufacturer - Types of Fluoroquinolones
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1. Cirpofloxicin (-anthrax
2. Enrofloxacin (Baytril
3. Orbiflosacin - Orbax
4. Marbofloxacin - Zeniquin - Uses of Fluoroquinolones
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1. Dermal
2. Upper respiratory
3. UTI
4. Exotics for Gram - infections
5. Poultry - e.coli
6. - Adverse side effects of Fluoroquinolones
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1. Inhibits normal joint formation - so NOT for under 6 months
2. Giant breeds under 12-18 months
3. CNS stimulant - so avoid w/ know or suspected CNS disorders