PSYCH 207
Terms
undefined, object
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- FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
-
-sensory neurons (receive) process information from senses
-motor neurons (send) CNS to muscles and glands
-interneurons (neither sensory nor motor) - GLIAL CELLS
-
-outnumbers neurons by 10-15 times
-also known as supporting cells - SYNAPTIC CLEFT
-
-junction between two communicating neurons
-gap is spanned in synapse - DEACTIVATION
-
-necessary for termination of cell activity
-REUPTAKE OR ENZYME BREAKDOWN
- IONOTROPIC RECEPTORS
-
-receptors directly coupled with ion channels
-can be excitatory or inhibitory depending on what type of channel is opened - METABOTROPIC RECEPTORS
-
-cause release or activation of specialized molecules
-work as second messenger system (not directly linked with ion channels - DRUGS AND NEURAL TRANSMISSION (different effects)
-
-NEUROTRANSMITTER:
synthesis
transport (interferes with transport from cell body to axon terminals)
storage (in vesicles)
release (causes axon to release prematurely)
degradation
reuptake (blocks reuptake)
-RECEPTOR:
activation (mimicks particular transmitter)
blocking (causes receptor to become inactive by blocking) - MONOAMINES (list all three)
-
1. norepinephrine
2. serotonin
3. dopamine - NOREPINEPHRINE (regulation of)
-
-important in regulation of hunger, alertness, arousal
-mood and anxiety
-fight or flight - NOREPINEPHRINE (disorders)
-
-mood and anxiety
-vigilance
-anxiety - SEROTONIN (regulation of)
-
-eating
-arousal
-mood
-sleep
-depression
-OCD - DOPAMINE (regulation of)
-
-attention and learning
-motor function
-reward
- ENDORPHINS
-
-naturally occurring neurotransmitter
-modulate pain relief but exact function is unclear - AMINO ACIDS (list three)
-
1. gaba
2. glutamate
3. peptides - GABA
-
-main inhibitory neurotransmitter
-most abundant neurotransmitter - GABA (drugs)
-
-alcohol
-barbiturates
-tranquilizers
-librium
-anesthetics - GLUTAMATE
-
-most abundant excitatory
-NMDA receptors are on glutamate - GLUTAMATE (4 drugs associated with)
-
-hallucinogens
-ketamine
-pcp
-alcohol - PEPTIDES: OPIOIDS (endogenous, function)
-
-endogenous opioids (endorphins/enkephalins)
-functions:
cough suppression
analgesia
activation of reward centers
euphoria
sedation - PEPTIDES: OPIOIDS (5 drugs associated with)
-
-morphine
-heroin
-codeine
-vicodin
-naloxene: used for overdose as it is an antagonist - LIPIDS (name 2)
-
1. THC
2. ANANDAMINE - THC
-
-active ingredient in marijuana
-binds to cannabanoid receptor
-impairs learning and memory
- ANANDAMINE
-
-lipid neurotransmitter mimicked by marijuana
-natural ligand to cannabanoid receptor
-exact function unknown - ACETYLCHOLINE (agonists)
-
-nicotine
- ACETYLCHOLINE (antagonists)
-
-atropine
-curare
-scopolamine - ACETYLCHOLINE (regulation of 3)& (necessary for)
-
learning
memory
sleep
-necessary for all muscle movement - ACETYLCHOLINE BIOSYNTHESIS
- acetyl-coa + choline
- ACETYLCHOLINE NEUROTOXINS
-
-botolinum (prevents release)
-paralysis - OTHER ACETYLCHOLINE TOXINS
-
nerve gas
insecticides
cognex - VENTRICAL SYSTEM
-
-filled with cerebrospinal fluid
-2 lateral ventricles
-volumed replaced every 6 hours
-descends into tube in centre of spinal cord - PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM (2 branches)
-
1. somatic nervous system
2. autonomic nervous system - SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
-
-motor and sensory nerves
-spinal nerves (attached to spinal cord
-cranial nerves (from periphery straight to brain) - AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (regulation of)& (name 2 divisions)
-
REGULATES:
-various non-conscious functions
2 DIVISIONS
-sympathetic
-parasympathetic - SYMPATHETIC BRANCH
-
-activated during emotional arousal
-releases epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal glands
-responsible for fight or flight reaction
- SYMPATHETIC BRANCH (arousal)
- heart rate, cotton mouth, respiratory rate, cotton mouth
- SYMPATHOMIMETIC (drugs)
-
cocaine,
hallucinogens
amphetamines
- PARASYMPATHETIC BRANCH
-
conservation of energy
-balances sympathetic branch
-reduces heart rate
-primaryil cholinergic synapses
-resetting
-acetylcholine plays biggest role - SULCI
- -terms for valleys
- GYRI
- -terms for hills
- LATERAL SULCUS
- -separatestemporal lobe from parietal lobe
- CENTRAL SULCUS
- -separates right and left hemisphere
- HINDBRAIN (3 major divisions)
-
-medulla oblongata
-cerebellum
-pons - MEDULLA OBLONGATA (6 regulation of)
-
-breathing
-vomiting
-heart rate
-swallowing
-blood pressure
-digestive process - MEDULLA OBLONGATA (location & functions)
-
-just above spinal cord
-regulation of life functions
-takes samples from blood, measures toxins, acts accordingly - PONS (2 regulation of) & (RAS)
-
-sleep
-wakefulness
RAS:
reticular activating system (crucial in alertness and arousal) - PONS (location)& (drugs)
-
-further up spinal cord from medulla
DRUGS:
barbiturates
tranquilizers - CEREBELLUM (regulation of 4)
-
motor control
balance
coordinated movements
speech - CEREBELLUM (location) & (drugs)
-
large area behind medulla and pons
DRUGS:
alcohol (may interfere with motor control in cerebellum) - MIDBRAIN (3 major parts)
-
1. inferior colliculi
2. superior collculi
3. substantia nigra - FOREBRAIN (2 main regions) & (3 systems)
-
REGIONS
1. thalamus
2. hypothalamus
SYSTEMS
1. limbic system
2. basal ganglia
3. cerebral cortex - THALAMUS
-
-receives incoming stimuli
-relay station - HYPOTHALAMUS (regulation of 7)
-
SURVIVAL BEHAVIOURS:
-motivation of behaviour
-drinking
-eating
-control of body temperature
-aggression
-sexual behavious
-hormone release - HYPOTHALAMUS (location)
-
-directly underneath thalamus
- PITUITARY GLAND
-
-hormone regulation
-directly related to hypothalamus - LIMBIC SYSTEMS (location)
- -includes several structures in interior of forebrain
- LIMBIC SYSTEMS (2 structures)
-
1. hippocampus
2. amygdala - AMYGDALA (mediates)
-
-certain types of aggression
-fear
-other emotional experiences - HIPPOCAMPUS
- -essential in storage of memory
- BASAL GANGLIA (include 3)(also their functions)
-
-caudate nucleus
-putamen
-globus pallidus
FUNCTION
-critical for motor movement - CEREBRAL CORTEX (responsible for)
- -most complex human thought
- OCCIPITAL LOBE
-
-visual projection area
-visual imagery perceived when it hits occipital lobe - TEMPORAL LOBE (functions)
-
-specialized for auditory
-important in language and hearing - FRONTAL LOBE (important in 3)
-
-initiation of movement
-intelligence
-personality - PARIETAL LOBE (function)
- -somatosensory (touch)
- routes of administration in order of speed (9)
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-intracerebral
-intravenous
-inhalation
-intraperitonial
-sublingual&intranasal
-intramuscular
-transdermal
-subcutaneous
-oral&intrarectal - ORAL (how does it work?)
- -passes through stomach, absorbed through small intestines
- ORAL (pros & cons)
-
PROS:
safe
convenient
economical
CONS:
slower time of absorption
reduced maximum effect (passes through liver) - INJECTION (4 main types)
-
intracerebral
intravenous
intramuscular
subcutaneous - SUBCUTANEOUS (speed relative to other injections) & (2 pros and cons)
-
-slowest injection method
PROS
-painless
-constant absorption rate
CONS:
-relatively slow
-should not be used when large dose is necessary
-cannot be used when drugs irritate body tissue - INTRAMUSCULAR (1 pros and 2 cons)
-
PROS:
-fast absorption when prepared in water and good blood flow at site of injection
CONS:
-can result in pain
-high risk of infection - INTRAVENOUS (3 pros & 3 cons)
-
PROS:
-valuable in emergency situation
-doses can be precisely adjusted due to reaction
-irritating drugs can be used as vein walls are virtually insensitive
CONS:
-large volumes reaching sites of action
-must be carefully monitored
-transmitter of diseases - INTRANASAL (1 pro and 1 con)
-
PROS
-rapid route when drug is fat soluble
CONS
-can cause damage if drug irritable or damages blood flow - SUBLINGUAL (2 pros and 1 con)
-
PROS
-faster and more efficient then oral
-preffered when drug induces vomiting
CONS
-unpleasant taste of most drugs taken in this route - TRANSDERMAL
-
PROS:
-alternative to oral when drug causes gastrointestinal problems
-can be applied to wide surface area
-used in treatment of nicotine addiction to reduce harmful effects of smoking
CONS
-skin acts as barrier to most drugs
- HALF LIFE (thc vs. prozac)
-
THC
-32H
PROZAC:
-53H - HALF LIFE (ALCOHOL vs. COCAINE)
-
ALCOHOL
-.25H
COCAINE
-.8H -
FALSIFYING DRUG TEST RESULTS
(3 ways) -
-substitution
-adulteration (use of compounds that interfere with drug testing)
-dilution (drinking large quantities of liquids) - SLOPE
- -how much drug dose changes before effects get larger
- EFFICACY
- -peak of drug does curve
- THERAPEUTIC INDEX (calculated)
- ld50 / ed50
- PHARMACOKINETICS (deals with 4)
-
-branch of pharmacology that deals with
-absorption
-distribution
-biotransformation
-excretion of drugs - PHARMACODYNAMICS (deals with)
- -mechanism of action
- DRUG INTERACTION (2 terms and what they mean)(also how they effect dose curve)
-
1. DRUG SYNERGISM-deals with enhancing effects-shifts dose effect curve to left
2. DRUG ANTAGONISM
-deals with diminishing effects
-shifts curve to right - REASONS BEHIND TOLERANCE (5 reasons)
-
-dispositional
-functional tolerance
-behavioral tolerance
-metabolic
-classical conditioning - DISPOSITIONAL TOLERANCE
- -increases in metabolism
- FUNCTIONAL TOLERANCE
-
-body naturally decreases synthesis of neurotransmitters
-receptors respond less - BEHAVIORAL TOLERANCE
- -systems automatically adapt to compensate for drug effect
- HOMEOSTASIS COMPENSATION
- -drug changes your set levels of homeostasis