Anatomy and Physiology Ch 3
Terms
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Converts energy from nutrients into ATP - Mitochondria
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Disgest substances within the cell - Lysosome
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Rough- sorts proteins ans forms them into more complex compounds
Smooth- involved in lipid synthesis - Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
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a stack of membranous sacs involved in sorting and modifiying proteins and then packaging them for export from the cell - Golgi apparatus
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Regulates what enters and leaves the cell - Plasma membrane
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Small bodies free in the cytoplasm or atached to the ER that manufacture proteins - Ribosomes
- Basic unit of life
- Cell
- Common type of telescope used today
- Compound Light Microscope
- Magnifies up to 1 million times
- Transmission Electron Microscope
- Gives a 3-D image
- Scanning Electron Microscope
- The part of the cell that regulates what can enter or leave is the...
- Plasma Membrane
- Control center of the cell that contains the chromosomes and the nucleolus
- Nucleus
- Small body in the nucleus composed of RNA, DNA, and proteins; makes ribosomes
- Nucleolus
- Colloidal susension that holds organelles
- Cytoplasm
- Liquid portion of cytoplasm
- Cytosol
- Surface organelles used for movement
- Cilia and flagellum
- Contains sugar, phosphate, and a nitrogen base
- Nucleotide
- composed of nucleotides
- Nucleic acids; DNA and RNA
- Composed of nucleotides adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T)
- DNA
- DNA nucleotide pairing
- A-T and C-G
- Composed of nucleotides adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and uracil (U)
- RNA
- RNA nucleotide pairing
- A-U, C-G
- Three type of RNA
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Messenger- mRNA
Ribosomal- rRNA
Transfer- tRNA - Transcribes the message of the DNA
- mRNA
- Makes up the ribosomes, the site of protein synthesis
- rRNA
- Brings amino acids to be made into proteins
- tRNA
- Located almost entirely in the nucleus; carries the genetic message
- DNA
- Located in the cytoplasm; translates DNA message into proteins
- RNA
- Forms sex cells; divides the chromosome number in half
- Meiosis
- Division of somatic (body) cells; cells divide into two daughter cells
- Mitosis
- DNA duplicates during this phase of mitosis
- Interphase
- Chromosomes form and become visible in this phase of mitosis
- Prophase
- The chromosomes line up across the center of the cell attached to the spindle fibers in this phase of mitosis
- Metaphase
- The centromere splits and the duplicated chromosomes separate and begin to move toward opposite ends of the cell in this phase of mitosis
- Anaphase
- A membrane appears around each group of separated chromosomes, forming two new nuclei in this phase of mitosis
- Telophase
- Movement that does not require cellular energy
- Passive transport
- Molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration; lowering the concentration gradient
- Diffusion
- Diffusion of water through semipermiable membrane
- Osmosis
- Movement of materials through plasma membrane under mechanical force
- Filtration
- Movement of materials with aid of transporters in plasma membrane
- Facilitated diffusion
- Movement that requires cellular energy
- Active transport
- Movement of bulk amounts of material into the cell in vesicles
- Endocytosis
- Large particles are engulfed and moed into the cell
- Phagocytosis
- The cell membrane engulfs droplets of fluid
- Pinocytosis
- The cell moves materials out in vesicles
- Exocytosis
- Same concentration as cell fluids; cells remain the same
- Isotonic solution
- Lower concentration than cell fluids; cell swells
- Hypotonic solution
- Higher concentration than cell fluids; cell shrinks
- Hypertonic solution
- Alteration of the genes that is a natural occurence in the process of cell division
- Mutation
- Programmed cell death
- Apoptosis
- Cancer risk factors
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Heredity
Chemicals
Ionizing Radiation
Physical irritation
Diet
Viruses - Distinct segments of DNA that code for specific proteins are called...
- Genes
- The cytosol and organelles make up the...
- Cytoplasm
- In which phase does DNA duplication take place?
- Interphase
- In which phase is DNA tightly wound into chromosomes?
- Prophase
- In which phase do the chromosomes line up along the cell's equator?
- Metaphase
- In which phase do the chromosomes separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell?
- Anaphase
- In which hase does the cell membrane pinch off, dividing the cell into two new daughter cells?
- Telophase
- The main component of the plasma membrane
- Phospholipids
- ATP is synthesized in the...
- Mitochondria
- Transcription of the DNA strand TGAAC would produce an mRNA strand with the squence...
- ACUUG
- Somatic cells divide by the process called...
- Mitosis
- Movement of solute from a region of high concentration to one of low concentration is called...
- Diffusion