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anatomy questions

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anatomy is
the study of the structure of the human body.
branches of anatomy
gross, and histology (microscopic)
name 2 structures human bodies share with all vertebrates.
brain, heart.
11 organ systems NERDI CURLS M
nervous,endocrine,respiratory,digestive,integumentary,cardiovascular,urinary,reproductive,lymphatic,skeletal,muscular.
3 things integumentary system does
forms external body covering,protects deeper tissues,has sweat and oil glands.
3 things skeletal system does
protects and supports organs,provides framework for muscles, stores minerals.
3 things muscular system does
allows manipulation of environment,locomotion, produces heat.
2 things nervous system does
fast acting control system, responds to internal and external changes.
endocrine system has glands that secrete hormones that regulate:
growth,reproduction, nutrient use, etc.
cardiovascular system has (2 imp. things)
blood vessels, heart
blood vessels:
transport blood, carry oxygen and carbon dioxide, carry nutrients and wastes.
heart:
pumps blood
3 things lymphatic system does
picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels, houses white blood cells, mounts attacks against foreign substances in body.
2 things respiratory system does
keeps blood supplied with oxygen, removes carbon dioxide
2 things digestive system does
breaks down food into absorbable units, eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces.
3 things urinary system does
eliminates nitrogenous wastes, regulates water electrolyte and acid-base balance, and regulates systemic blood pressure.
1 things reproductive system does
produces offspring,males have testes producing sperm and male sex hormones. Women have ovaries and eggs and female sex hormones...also mammary glands make milk.
coronal plane
frontal plane (divides body into anterior and posterior parts)
median plane
also called midsagittal plane. divides body vertically in the midline
transverse plane
runs horizontally dividing body into superior and inferior parts.
5 body cavities:
cranial, vertebral, thoracic, abdominal, pelvic
cranial cavity contains
brain
vertebral cavity contains
spinal cord
thoracic cavity contains
heart and lungs
what separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity?
diaphragm
abdominal cavity contains
digestive viscera, kidneys, and peritoneal cavity.
pelvic cavity contains
bladder, reproductive organs, rectum, and peritoneal cavity.
mediastinum
contains the heart surrounded by the pericardial sac
serous cavities:
a slit like space lined by a serous membrane
"potential" cavity contains:
pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum. parietal serosa, and vesceral serosa.
parietal serosa:
outer wall of the serous cavity
vesceral serosa:
covers visceral organs
pleural cavity contains
serous fluid
4 kinds of tissues:
nervous,epithelial, connective tissue, muscle
epithelial tissue function:
covers a body surface or lines a body cavity, forms most glands. protects.
modifications to epithelial tissue:
villi, microvilli,tight junctions, gap junctions, basal lamina.
basal lamina functions:
acts as a selective filter,forms basement for membrane
simple
one layer of cells
stratified
more than one layer of cells
squamous
squished or flattened cells
cuboidal
cells like cubes
columnar
cells taller than they are wide, like columns
Goblet cells:
unicellular exocrine glands that produce mucus.
Endocrine glands are:
ductless, secrete substances directly into bloodstream, produce hormones.
Exocrine glands are:
modifications of epithelium, secrete out of body, ducts open to the surface
basal lamina:
noncellular supporting sheet between the epithelium and the deeper connective tissue. consists of proteins secreted by the epithelial cells.
4 connective tissues
connective tissue proper, cartilage, bone tissue, blood
connective tissue consists of:
cells separated by large amounts of extracellular matrix
2 kinds of connective tissue proper
dense, loose
3 kinds of dense connective tissue proper
regular, irregular, elastic
3 kinds of loose connective tissue proper
areolar connective tissue, reticular tissue, adipose tissue
3 kinds of cartilage:
hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
tissue fluid (interstitial fluid):
watery fluid occupying matrix
ground substance of connective tissue
spongy part of matrix made of sugar and protein
adipose tissue:
loose connective tissue proper, fatty, used for cushion and warmth.
membranes combine...
epithelial tissues and connective tissues, cover broad areas within the body.
3 kinds of membranes...
cutaneous membranes(skin), mucous membrane(lines hollow organs that open to surface of body),serous membranes(simple squamous epithelium lying on areolar connective tissue proper, and line closed cavities)
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skin:
largest organ, accounts for 7% of body weight
2 layers of skin:
epidermis, dermis,(hypodermis lies deep to the dermis)
2 layers of dermis:
papillary layer, reticular layer
skin functions:
cushions, insulates, protects from bumps scratches,elements, and uv rays.
3 main layers of the epidermis:
stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum coreum (stratum basale is thin layer below stratum spinosum)
dermis consists of:
strong flexable connective tissue
hypodermis consists of:
areolar and adipose connective tissues
3 kinds of pigment:
melanin, carotene, hemoglobin
hair is:
flexible strand of dead keratinized cells
3 layers of keratinized cells (hair)
medulla-central core cortex-surrounds medulla cuticle-outermost layer
root plexus:
knot of sensory nerves around the hair bulb
arrector pilli:
muscle that makes hair stand erect.
sebaceous gland secrete:
oily sebum
sweat glands also called:
sudoriferous glands
2 types of sudoriferous glands:
eccrine gland-true sweat gland apocrine gland-in axillary, anal, and genital areas
nails made of
keratin
3 kinds of skin cancer from most treatable to least treatable:
basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, melanoma
cancer signs:abcd
asymmetry, border, color, diameter
4 cell types in epidermis:
keratinocytes, melanocytes, merkel cells, langerhans cells
keratinocytes
most abundant epithelial cells in the epidermis that form 5 layers
melanocytes
pigment producing cells in the epidermis
merkel cells
epidermis surface cells (where there is no hair)sensitive to touch.
langerhans cells
innitiate a immune response against pathogens that have penetrated the superficial layers of the epidermis
stratum basale function:
separates he epidermis from the loose connective tissue of the dermis
stratum spinosum appearance and function:
"spiny layer" where stem cells divide and push the older ones into the next..pushing them further out.
stratum granulosum appearance and function:
"granular layer"consists of keratinocytes that were pushed out of the stratum spinosum
stratum corneum appearance and function:
"dead flaky cells" found at surface of the skin
dense irregular connective tissue
tissue that provides strength and support to areas subjected to stresses.
dense regular connective tissue
collagen fibers packed tightly together and aligned parallel to applied forces. ex-tendons, and ligaments
adipose tissue
fatty cells that lie deep to the skin, and serve as padding and insulation
areolar tissue
within and deep to the dermis, between muscles and around joints. serves as cushion for organs, supports movement
reticular tissue
found in liver, kidney, bone marrow. serves as support for framework
mesenchyme :
star shaped cells that are seperated by matrix and are the first to appear in an embryo
loose connective tissue:
packing material of the body: areolar, adipose, reticular
cells of connective tissue proper
mesenchymal, firoblasts, fibrocytes
matrix
extracellular fibers, and ground substance
lacuna
space inside matrix
articulation
where bone comes together (joints)
appositional growth
growth from outside in
interstitial growth
growth from inside out
pleural membrane:
thin membrane that covers the lung
pericardium:
the thin sac that contains the heart
peritoneum:
the serous membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavities
serous cavity has what liquid?
serous fluid
serous membrane function?
acts as a lubrication against friction
diaphysis
shaft of long bone
epiphysis
end of long bone
medullary cavity
hollow cavity filled with marrow
bone on the outside
compact bone
bone on the inside
spongy bone
one kind of bone growth having to do with ossification center, osteocytes, osteoblasts, and new bone matrix
intramembranous ossification
most common bone growth except in some skull and clavicle bones. In hyaline carilage
endochondral ossification

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