Pscyh. chp.2
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- Schwann Cells
- Speeding Up Message Transmission
- Multiple Sclerosis:
- Autoimmune disease that attacks myelin.
- Resting Potential.
- When your neuron is not sending a electrical signal it is at rest.
- Excitation Threshold
- When this –55 mv threshold is met, very dramatic changes are triggered within the neuron.
- Action Potential
- The inside of the axon quickly moves from –55 mv + 30 mv Once it reaches +30 mv, the axon starts pumping out Na+ The axon quickly returns to –70 mv (the resting potential)
- All or None Law:
- The neuron either fires or it doesn’t
- Propagation
- means that one Action Potential causes the next Action Potential
- Communication between neurons
- When the electrical signal reaches the end of the axon, the axon terminals are told to release a chemical message. This chemical message is called a neurotransmitter because it transmits its message from one neuron to the next neuron.
- Acetylcholine:
- Making Motion Possible Found in all motor neurons and causes muscles to contract.
- Dopamine:
- A Jack of All Trades* Pleasure Principle From Pleasure to Addiction
- Parkinson’s Disease:
- “Too Little†Dopamine Parkinson’s is characterized by… Rigidity in movement. Muscle tremors Poor Balance Difficulty initiating movements. The cause of Parkinson’s Disease: The killing off of dopamine producing neurons within the brain.
- Serotonin
- “Too Little†Serotonin Depression is characterized by… Feeling Hopeless* Feeling Worthlessness* Trouble Sleeping Loss of Appetite Trouble Concentrating
- MAOI:
- Monoamine Oxidase is an enzyme that breaks down a # of neurotransmitters (including serotonin).
- SSRI
- Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor
- Reuptake:
- The process of returning the neurotransmitter to the presynaptic membrane (to be reused later)
- Norepinephrine
- Bodily and Psychological Arousal A drug the increases the release of norepinephrine.
- Endorphins
- Internally Produced Morphine*
- Hormones:
- A chemical message sent from one gland to another. This chemical message travels through your bloodstream
- Neurotransmitter
- A chemical message sent from one neuron to another. This chemical message travels within the gap between neurons
- Anatomy:
- Describing physical structures of the Brain.
- Physiology
- Understanding the purpose or function of those structures
- Studying the Brain:
- Lesions: Destroy (usually by cutting) Ablations: Remove (with vacuum or scalpel) Transecting: Cutting neural pathways between different parts of the brain
- Random Selection:
- Every member of the larger group has an equal chance of being selected.
- Representative Samples:
- Small groups that match the larger population on relevant characteristics (e.g., age, sex, SES, etc..)
- Correlation Studies:
- examine how strongly 2 variables are related to each other.
- Sample of Convenience:
- Use the most representative sample you have at your disposal and hope that it closely resembles the population at large
- Positive Correlation
- There is a direct relationship between the 2 variables.
- Negative Correlation
- There is an indirect relationship between the 2 variables.
- Strength
- Correlations can vary form -1 to +1 The closer you are to ± 1 the stronger the correlation.
- Confounding Variables:
- The relationship between 2 variables may actually be the result of a third unmeasured variable (i.e., a confounding variable).
- Experimental Condition:
- Participants exposed to the “treatmentâ€.
- Control Condition:
- Participants not exposed to the “treatmentâ€.
- Independent Variable
- Controlled by Experimenter
- Dependent Variable
- Measured by Experimenter (not controlled).
- T-test (t):
- Checks to see if differences between 2 means is significant.
- F-test (F):
- Checks to see if differences between 3 or more means is significant.
- Confidentiality and Anonymity
- There should be no way to link participants responses to their name or person.
- Cerebral Cortex
- Four Lobes - Strategic Planning - Flexibility through integration
- Limbic System
- - Thalamus - Hypothalamus -Amygdala - Hippocampus
- Thalamus
- Relay station for sensory and motor information.
- Hypothalamus
- Motivated Behavior (3 Fs: Food, Fighting and Fornication) “Master Gland†– regulates the endocrine system
- Amygdala
- Emotional Response (especially fear) Emotional Memory (mostly helps you learn what to avoid)
- Hippocampus:
- Formation of New Memories Neurogenesis – Formation of new neurons
- The Hindbrain:
- Connects the spinal cord with the rest of the brain Consists of 3 Parts - Medulla - Pons - Cerebellum
- Wernicke’s Aphasia:
- I don’t understand you, that’s why you don’t understand me.
- Broca’s Aphasia:
- I understand you I just can\'t answer the question.
- Aphasia:
- A language disorder characterized by partial or complete inability to⬦comprehend or produce language
- Corpus Callosum:
- Connects the two hemispheres and allows them to communicate with each other.
- Epilepsy:
- Neurological disorder that causes erratic neurological activation across the brain.
- Contralateral Control:
- Left hemishere controls the right half of the body.. right hemisphere controls the left.