Organismal Biology
Terms
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- endocrine
- syn and intro to the blood stream and carried somewhere else. can act on 1 plus organ
- PARACRINE
- from original organ to one next to it
- autcrine
- acts on same cell
- synaptic cell
- orig on a neuron and sent to synaptic gap
- neuroendocrine
- neural cells releases the hormones to blood stream
- What two effects does adrenaline have?
- alpha- recep- makes intestinal blood vessels constrict beta- muscle vessels dilate
- whats paracrine signaling
- when o2 is depleted, epithelial cells release NO to signal a relaxation and increase blood flow.
- Nitrophorines
- insects that suck blood use hormones to defeat the clotting mechanism
- whats do nerve cells produce
- a water soluble hormones, peptides and neurohormones
- where are insulin and glucagon produced
- in pancreas by non nerve tissues
- duodenum
- when low ph detected the s cells secret secretin
- what happens when blood sugar rises
- beta cells release insulin live stores glucose body cells take up more glucose glucose level decrease
- what happens when blood sugar falls
- alpha cells release glucagon liver breaks glycogen down -blood glucose level rises
- hypothalamus connection with pituitary gland gives rise to
- tropic hormones
- ADH
- Antidiuretic hormone (kidney tubules)
- oxytocin
- stimulates uterine contractions, mammary glands
- what is the basic pattern of the nervous system
- sensory info - sensory axon - through sensory centers - integrated to motor output
- sensory neurons
- info transmitted from sensors which detect external stimuli
- interneuron
- analyze and interpret sensory output
- motor neuron
- communicate with muscle cells or endocrine cells
- the cell body is composed of:
- dendrite: extensions that recieve signals from other neurons axon-electrically excitable, longer extension that transmits signals
- all nerve impulses create
- an all or nothing response that start at the base of the axon
- pumps pump ions through membranes
- -transmembrane protein -na and k on opposite sides - nerve membranes leave na+
- myelinated axons
- conducts nerve impulses faster
- postsynaptic receptor
- recognizes receptor-binds it to receptor-receptor opens ion channel to allow ions in- molecule lea ves and channel closes
- where are synpases located in insects and verterbrates?
- CNS and muscles
- ganglio structures help us learn..what does that mean for hydas?
- since they lack the ganglion strctures, they cant learn
- cephalization means true head
- true NS
- grey matter
- cell body locations
- white matter
- myelination of axons
- in teh verterbrate brain what doesnt nutrients?
- blood vessels
- what is the blood and brain barrier?
- astrocytes
- what protects the brain from harmful organisms?
- microgliad
- what replaces injured cells?
- radial neuron
- in preganglionic neurons...where does it occur and whats released? in parasym.
- brainstem and spinal cord and acetylcholine is released
- in the sym division... location and n.t.released?
- thoracic and lumbar segments of spinal cord aceetylcholine
- in postgangl, parasym
- ganglia close to or within organs release acetyl
- symp. and postgangli
- ganglia by organ or spinal cord norepinephrine
- what is sensitive to light?
- pineal
- if light is gone, whats secreted from the pineal?
- melatonin
- cerebellum balances what?
- balance and motor skills, hand eye corrdination
- cerebrum?
- cognitive and reasoning
- midbrain and diencephalon?
- homeostasis
- basal nuclei is located in and does what?
- cerebral cortex. plans and learns movement sequences
- whats in the limbic system?
- emotions
- what does the limbic system control?
- emotions, frontal lobotomy, and amygdala (fear)