Chapter 1 Cell Structure and Function
Terms
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- The basic unit of structure and function in living things.
- cell
- An instrument that makes small objects look larger.
- microscope
- A light microscope that has more than one lens.
- compound microscope
- A widely accepted explanation of the relationship between cells and living things.
- cell theory
- The ability to make things look larger than they are.
- magnification
- A curved lens in which the center is thicker than the edges.
- convex lens
- The ability to clearly distinguish the individual parts of an object.
- resolution
- A tiny cell structure that carries out a specific function within the cell.
- organelle
- A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
- cell wall
- A cell structure that forms the outside boundary of a cell and that controls which substances can enter or leave the cell.
- cell membrane
- A cell structure that contains nucleic acids, the chemical instructions that direct all the cell's activities and that contain information that determines the cell's characteristics;also, the central core of an atom which contains protons and usually neu
- nucleus
- Material in cells that contains DNA and carries genetic information.
- chromatin
- The region between the cell membrane and the nucleus in which cell structures are found; in organisms without a nucleus, the region located inside the cell membrane.
- cytoplasm
- Rod-shaped cell structures that produce most of the energy needed to carry out the cell's functions.
- mitochondrion
- A cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another.
-
endoplasmic
reticulum - A small grainlike structure in the cytoplasm of a cell where proteins are made.
- ribosome
-
A structure in a cell that receives proteins and other newly formed materials from the endoplasmic reticulum, packages them,
and distributes them to other parts of the cell. - Golgi body
- A structure in the cells of plants and some other organisms that captures energy from sunlight and uses it to produce food.
- chloroplast
- A water filled sac inside a cell that acts as a storage area.
- vacuole
- A small round cell structure that contains chemicals that break down large food particles into smaller ones.
- lysosome
- element
- A substance that cannot be broken down into other substances by chemical or physical means.
- atom
- The smallest unit of an element
- compound
- A substance made of two or more elements chemically combined.
- molecule
- The smallest unit of most compounds
- organic compound
- A compound that contains carbon
- inorganic compound
- A compound that does not contain carbon
- carbohydrate
- Energy-rich organic compounds, such as sugars and starches, that are made of the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, they are a major source of energy and provide the raw materials to make parts of cells.
- protein
- Nutrients that contain nitrogen as well as carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen; they are needed for tissue growth and repair and play a part in chemical reactions within the cells, also large organic molecules made of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen. nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur, also polymers of amino acid.
- amino acid
- small molecules that are linked together chemically to form large molecules; also 20 kinds of organic compounds that are monomers of proteins.
- enzyme
- A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing
- nucleic acid
- A very large organic molecule made of carbon, oxygen. hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus that contains instructions that cells need to carry out all the functions of life; examples are DNA and RNA
- DNA
- Deoxyribonucleic acid; the genetic material that carries information about an organism and is passed from parent to offspring
- RNA
- Ribonucleic acid; a nucleic acid that plays an important role in the production of proteins.
- selectively permeable
- A property of cell membranes that allows some substances to pass through, while others cannot.
- lipid
- An energy-rich organic compound made of carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and; fats, oils, waxes, and cholesterol are lipids.
- diffusion
- The process by which molecules move from an area in which they are highly concentrated to an area in which they are less concentrated
- osmosis
- The diffusion of water molecules through a selectively permeable membrane
- passive transport
- The movement of materials through a cell membrane without using energy
- active transport
- The movement of materials through a cell membrane using energy