Biology 2: ch2
Terms
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- Matter
- any that occupies space
- Element
- Matter composed of atoms of only one kind
- Atom
- smallest particles into which an element can be divided useing convetional chemical means; oxygen (O) for example
- Neutron
- subatomic particle containing no charge
- Proton
- subatomic particle containing positive electrical charge
- Electron
- subatomic particle containing a negative electrical charge
- Nucleus
- cell organelle containing most of the genetic material of the cell; center of an atom consisting of protons and neutrons
- Orbital
- region where an electron is most likely to be found
- Atomic number
- number of protons in an atom
- Chemical bonds
- outermost electrons are transferred or shared between atoms
- Molecule
- combination of atoms connected by electrons
- Chemical formula
- Symbols of the atoms in a molecule plus a subscript denoting the number of each type of atom
- Ionic bond
- when one atom loses an electron to another, giving the atom less an e- positive and the atom with an extra e- negative
- Ions
- electrically charged atoms
- Covalent bond
- when two atoms share a pair of electrons
- Polar covalent bond
- unequal sharing of electrons making one side of a molecule slightly positive and the other side slightly negative
- Hydrogen bond
- weak attraction of covalently-bonded molecules to ions; e.g. water molecules have H-bonds with each other
- Chemical reaction
- process by which atoms or molecules interact to form or break chemical bonds
- Synthesis reaction
- when two or more atoms, ions, or molecules combine to form a new and larger molecule
- Decomposition reaction
- when larger molecules are broken down into smaller molecules, ions, or atoms
- Exchange reaction
- combo of decomposition reaction, in which molecules are broken down, and a synthesis reaction, in which the products of the decomposition reaction are combined to form new molecules
- What influences the rate of chemical reactions?
- Concentration(+concentration, faster reaction); temperature(+temp causes faster reaction); presence of enzyme or catalyst(speeds up reaction)
- Catalyst
- substance that increases the rate at which a chemical reaction proceeds, without itself being permanently changed or depleted
- Reversible reaction
- reaction can proceed from reactants to products and from products to reactants
- Equilibrium
- when rate of product formation is equal to rate of reactant formation
- Base
- Proton acceptor; hydroxide
- Acid
- Electron acceptor; hydronium
- Oxidation
- loss of an e-, loss of a H, or gain of an O
- Reduction
- gain an e-, or gain an H, or lose an O
- Salt
- molecule consisting of a positive ion other than H+ and a negative ion other than OH-; e.g. hydrochloric acid: HCL + NaOH -> NaCL + H2O
- Buffer
- chemical that resists changes in pH when either an acid or a base is added to a solution containing the buffer
- Hydrophobic forces
- non-polar molecules repell water
- Dissociation
- the separation of substances, such as acids, bases, and salts when dissolved in water
- Organic molecules
- contain carbon
- Inorganic molecules
- all other molecules NOT containing carbon; some exceptions, e.g. CO2
- Carbon Functional Groups: Alkane
- hydrocarbon containing C and H only; ethane, methane; free to rotate
- Carbon Functional Groups: Alkene
- At least one double bonded C; ending: ene; not free to rotate; isomers possible; hydrocarbons and nonpolar
- Carbon Functional Groups: Alcohols
- hydroxyl group; soluble in water; slightly polar; sugars; secondary carbon in middle
- Carbon Functional Groups: (family) Aldehydes
- Carbonyl functional group; carbonyl on end; polar, hydrophilic
- Carbon Functional Groups: Ketone
- Carbonyl group; carbonyl on secondary C; polar, hydrophilic
- Carbon Functional Groups: Carboxylic acid
- COOH on end(carboxyl), weak acids-dissociate and form conjugate base
- Carbon Functional Groups: Amines
- Amino group (NH2) on end; acts as a base
- Carbohydrates
- Made of C, H, and O; functions: energy and ID
- Monosaccharides
- simple sugars, -ose endings
- What are the functions of Carbohydrates?
- Energy and Identification
- What are the functions of lipids?
- Energy(limited), structure(cell membranes), and regulation(hormones)
- What are the functions of proteins?
- Regulation, structure, energy, contraction, transport, and protection
- What are the functions of nucleic acids?
- Regulation, heredity, and protein synthesis
- What does a ribose molecule look like?
-
OH- O
l/ \-OH
H- \_/
/ \
OH OH - What is galactose?
- component of disaccharides; ketone
- Another name for glucose?
- dextrose
- what does glucose look like?
-
--CH2OH
H | __O H
\/OH H\/
/\/__\/\OH
OH/ \
H OH - What are lipids?
- substances that dissolve in nonpolar solvents but not polar solvents like water; less oxygen content than carbs
- Fats
- energy storage molecules; padding and insulation
- Glycerol
- building block of fat, along with fatty acids; 3C molecule w/ a hydroxyl group attached to each atom
- Fatty acids
- building blocks of fat; carbon chain with a carboxyl group attached at one end
- Glycerol + Fatty Acid = ?
- H2O and a fat molecule
- Saturated fat
- only single covalent bonds btwn C atoms
- Unsaturated fat
- fatty acids containing double covalent bonds btwn C atoms
- Glycosidic bond
- formed by dehydration synthesis reaction(removes H2O molecule); opposite: hydrolysis
- Simple lipids include: ?
- waxes, fats and oils; protect from invaders
- Phospholipid
- forms cell membrane; glycerol + phosphate group; phospholipid bilayer
- Steroids
- Type of lipid; 4 rings, 3rings of 6, 1 ring of 5; cholesterol, adrenocortical hormones, bile salts, sex hormones
- Proteins
- C, H, O and N; and Sulfur too sometimes; antibodies, catalysts, hemoglobins; bonded together by peptide bonds
- Nucleic acid
- made up of a phosphate group, sugar and base
- Denaturation
- H bonds holding protein in specific shape broken, making protein non-functional
- Activation Energy
- E necessary to start a chemical reaction