Comm 1302 Exam 1
Terms
undefined, object
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- Theory
- A body of statements that present a clear, rounded, and systematic view of a subject.
- Non-Identity
- "A is not A" The things on map are not really the actual size of things
- Entropy
- Degree of Uncertainty
- Multi-ordinal
- A word can have a number of meanings to different people
- Mystification
- A phenomenon inwhich average people bond w/ note figures
- Channel
- Means through which the message is transmitted and recieved
- Paralanguage
- Vocalistics; using voice such as rate, pitch, or volume to communicate sarcasm
- Self-Reflexiveness
- We abstract from abstractions-- infinitely
- Attitude
- Is a predisposition to behave in a positive or negative way toward an object.
- Artifacts
- Objects that affect communication Ex. clothes, jewelry, a car
- Inartistic Proofs
- Aspects of the situation or qualities of the speacker not directly speaker controled.
- Cognitive Dissonance
- Dissonance is a relationship in which one element would not be expected to follow from the other.
- Non-Allness
- No statement says all there is about an event
- Hapics
- also called touch, an important element in interpersonal communication
- Peripheral Routing
- occurs when non-critical thinking occurs and the listener is influenced by elements extraneous to the argument itself.
- Uncertainty Reduction
- People seek information to reduce uncertainty; they may also create uncertainty by the information they transmit
- Noise
- Anything that interfers with the communication process
- Indexing
- "Recognizing student A is not student B" we are all different
- Abstraction
- Process of leaving out details when perceiving or labeling an object
- Cybernetics
- Control or self-regulation via communication with an emphasis on feedback
- Proxemics
- The process of how space affects the communication process
- Information
- Reduces uncertainty(involves data, process, channel, outcomes/uses)
- Kinesics
- The study of how body language affects the communication process
- Taxonomy
- A list of related topics
- List and define three types of Data in theory construction
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Nominal-Lists
Ordinal- Rank Order
Interval- Weight of Importance - Define a system
- A system is a set of points that come together and form a whole in the environment
- According to Classical Rhetorical Theory (Aristotle), artistic proofs are based on 3 elements. Name and defineeach.
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Pathos-appeals to Emotions
Ethos- creates creates trustworthiness w/ the audience
Logos- (Logic)evidence the author provides - List and Characterize the parts of a system.
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Wholeness- Whole is greater then the sum of its parts.
Interdependence- each part depends on the other part
Equilibrium- trys to achiece balance
Hierarchy- lines of power
Change/Adaptability- changes in order to survive
Exchange w/ environment- changes input to output - Elements in the Communication process
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Source: Where it came form
Reciever: Person that assigns meaning to the message
Encoding: The formulation and transmission of the message
Decoding: meaning of the message is created in the mind of the reciever
Channel: means through which the message is transmitted and recieved
Feedback: responce by the reciever to the message
Noise: anything that interferes with the communication process
Context: The situation which the communication takes place - According to Ogden-Richards'triangle of meaning, the 3 elements interrelate to establish meaning
- Thought, Object/Referent, Symbol/ C.A.T
- According to Semantic Space theory, signs have meaning in 3-dimensional space, name them.
- Evaluation, Potency, and Activity
- Distinguish between the three major perspectives in theory construction
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Laws Perspective: All A's are B's under conditions 1,2,and 3
System Perspective: A>B>C>D>E>A
Rules Perspecive: A & B cause action C - Clarify the Parts of Kenneth Burkes "Dramatistic Pentad.
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1.Act: event that is done
2.Agent: Actor doing the event
3.Agency: the channel
4.Scene: When and Where
5.Purpose: Why events occurs - List the parts of Monroes Motivates Sequence
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1. Attention
2. Need
3. Satisfaction
4. Visualization
5. Action - Levels of a system.
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Closed System- no exchange with the environment
1.static structure (universe)
2.Simple Dynamic (clock)
3.Cybernetic control (thermostat)
Open Systems- exchange with the environment
4.self maintenance (the cell)
5.Biological (plants)
6.Biological (animals)
7.Human (individual)
8.Social (human organization)
9.Transcendental (Metaphysical) - What are the 5 general types of nonverbal behaviors that are based on origin, coding, and usage.
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1.Emblems: have a verbal translation, such as "peace"
2.Illustrators: accent or emphasize
3.Adaptors: facilitate release of bodily tension
4.Regulators: used to coordinate interaction
5.Affect displays: display of emotions - According to Katz, what four functions do attitudes serve
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1.Adaptive: our attitudes help us adaptto our world
2.Knowledge-economy: The "smarter: we are the more choices we have as we manage our lives
3.Expression of self-image: We have attitudes about the way we look to ourselfs and others
4.Ego-defensive: have attitudes about how to protect ourselfs. - Be able to define; vales, beliefs, and attitudes
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Attitudes are predisposition that can be negative or positive towards an object
Beliefs are our perceptions
Values are important beliefs
all three are interelated and can be affected by persauassion. - According to Burke, people communicate in large part because of guilt- which creates division. This guilt derives from what three principles?
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Principles of the Negative: Moralize
Principle of Perfection: Unattainable Goals
Principles of Hierarchy:
social pyramids - Distinguish between central and peripheral routing.
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Central Routing: critical thinking occurs when the reciever consiously and thoughtfully processes information
Peripheal routing: occurs when non-critical thinking occurs and the listener is influenced by elements extraneous to the argument itself - Know the types of Necessity in theory building.
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Nomic Necessity: casual relationships
Logical Necessity: consistant systems of relationships
Practical Necessity: amount of force to act - What is the idea behind McGuires Inoculation Theory
- the premise in this theory is that forewarning is a forearming of an audience agaisnt a persuasive message.
- Know the parts of Information Theory
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Information: reduces uncertainty
Entropy: Chaos, randomness
Piece: unit of information
Bit: unit of information that reduces alternatives by half
Turbulence: degree of stability/instability in the environment
Information Load: quantity of information combined with relative difficulty in transmission
Uncertainty reduction: People seek information to reduce uncertainty - Social Judgement Theory
- Indivual judgement of things and people are highlt situational and depend on ones initial orientation toward the world.
- What is the difference between inductive and deductive reasoning?
- Unlike deductive reasoning, Inductive reasoning is not designed to produce mathematical certainty
- From theories of verbal coding, state 5 generalizations about signs.
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Messages are signs and groups of signs shaped through human thought processes
Coding is the process of relating signs to their referents.
Semantics: How signs relate to things -----> meaning
Pragmatics: How signs effect human behavior
Syntactics: Signs relating to other signs - According to Ellul, list the 4 kinda of propaganda
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Political: try to change the actions of the public
Sociological: integrate individuals
Agitation: self-seeking messages
Integration: messages to stabilize - What are the 3 stages of "self" as defined by Meads Symbolic Interaction Theory?
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Preparatory Stage
Play Stage
Game Stage - Distinguish between influenceability and persuasibility.
- Persuasibility is part of a larger condition influenceabilty
- Distinguish between the two broad definitions of Propaganda.
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Doob: Viewed propaganda as an attempt to affect the personalities and to control behavior.
Ellul saw propaganda as a universal phenomenon, necessary and essential - Explain how at least 3 types of environmental factors affect nonverbal communication.
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Temperature: to hot or to cold could affect what you do for non-verbal communication.
Amount of space: to far away they wont be able to see what youre doing
Comfort: If you are not comfortable with the person or in general they will be able to tell. - State hte Sapir-Whorf linguistic relativity principles and give two examples.
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Linguistic relativity states that distinctions encoded in one language are unique to that language alone, and that "there is no limit to the structural diversity of languages
Hopi Indians view of time
Japanese forms of greeting - source
- where the info came from
- receiver
- Person that assigns meaning to the message
- encoding
- The formulation and transmission of the message
- decoding
- meaning of the message is created in the mind of the reciever
- channel
- means through which the message is transmitted and recieved
- feedback
- responce by the reciever to the message
- context
- The situation which the communication takes place
- sci att.
- an approach to inquiry that poises itself for the implementation of scientific method.
- sci meth
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I. Statement of problem -
a tentative hypothesis.
2. Observation.
3. Classification.
4. Generalization. - sign
- a stimulus that has meaning for people.
- msgs
- signs and groups of signs shaped through human thought processes.
- signal
- the presence of an object other than itself; time and context-bound
- symbol
- arouses in a person a conception of the object, event or condition: context-free.
- deep and surface structure
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an abstract sentence mostly in the mind of the speaker
produced from deep structures through transformations - T O T E model:
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