psyc chapter 1- looking at abnormality
Terms
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- cognitions
- thought processes that influence behavior and emotion
- psychoanalysis
-
-a theory of personality and psychopathology
- method of investigating the mind
- treatment for psychopathology - catharsis
- releasse of emotion during hypnosis
- mesmerism
- way of curing mental illness based on restoring magnetic forces
- general paresis
- disease leading to paralysis insanity or death
- psychic epidemic
- phenomenon in which large numbers of people begin to engage in unusual behaviors with psychological origin
- hippocrates
-
believed mental disorders were caused by an imbalance in the bodies essential humors
eg. blood, phlem, bile - agoraphobia
- feeling unsafe when out of their homes
- trephination
- drilling holes in skull to rid mentally ill of demons
- compounds of maladaptiveness
-
1. dysfunction
2. distress
3. deviant - mental illness
- clear identifiable physical process that leads to specific behaviors or symptoms
- dsysaesthesia aethiopis
- refused to work for ones master
- draptomania
- sickness causing slaves to desire freedom
- thomas szesz
- people label groups as abnormal to justify contolling or silencing them
- cultural relativism
- no universal rules or standards for labelling a behavior as abnormal
- Emil kraepelin
- developed scheme of classifying symptoms into disorders
- Clifford beers
- psychotic; belived he would become epileptic after his brother died... he was experiencing deep paranoia, and mania... might have been bipolar
- maladaptive
- suffer froom distress and that prevents them from functioning in daily life
- Albert Ellis
- developed a cognitive theory of emotional problems called rational-emotive theory; was a great orator
- rational emotive therapy
- confront patients with irrational beliefs in order to change them
- vulnerability-stress model
-
intergration of biological, psychological, and social approaches into a model that says that a person must have vulnerability to a certain disorder in order to develop it
-person must experience a stress trigger in order to develop the dissorder - phineas gage
- construction foreman which ended up in a freak accident in which an iron rod went though the frontal lobe of his brain; caused him to develop an anti-social personality (cerebral cortex)
- lesions
- damage to the brain
- cerebral cortex
- involved in advanced thinking processes
- hypothalamus
- regulates eating, drinking, sexual behavior, biological needs and temp control
- limbic system
- collection of structures that are closely interconnected with the hypothalamus and appear to exert additional control over some of the instinctive behaviors regulated by the hypothalamus
- neurotransmitters
- biochemicals that act as messengers carrying impulses from one neuron or nerve cell to the brain and other parts of the brain or CNS
- reuptake
- when the releasing neuron reabsorbs the neurotransmitters decreasing the amount in the synapse
- degradation
- when recieving neuron releases an enzyme into the synapse breaking down the neurotransmitter into other biochemicals
- serotonin
- many key areas affecting mental health, emotions, impulses such as aggression
- dopamine
- regulates our experience of reinforcements or rewards; affected by substances such as alcohol; regulates functioning of muscle systems (Parkinsosns disease)
- norephinephrine
- (noradrenaline); produced mainly in brain stem; drugs cause the showing of this process by delaying reuptake
- gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)
- inhibits the action of other neurotransmitters; certain drugs have tranquilizing effect because they increase the inhibitory activity of GABA
- Endocrine System
- produces most of the major hormoneys of the body; carry messages affecting moods energy level and reaction to stress
- pituitary gland
- "master gland" produces hormones and controls secretion of other endocrine glands; outgrowth of brain below the hypothalmus
- corticotropin- release factor
- substance release in response to stress
- adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
- major stress hormone released by pituitary gland
- adoption studies
-
comparing disorder in child biological parents with disorder in child and adoptive parents
(genes vs. environmental circumstance) - psychodynamic theories
- all behavior thoughts and emotions are influenced by unconscious processes
- hysteria
- physical ailment with no apparent reason, such as paralysis, deafness, disorganised speech
- repression
- causes emotions to be dammed up and released as symptoms
- 2 drives which affect human behavior
- libido, and aggressive drive
- id
- impulses seeking gratification
- ego
- satisfy impulses within the rules
- super ego
- moral standards from parents or society; this is made up of the concious or the ego ideal
- concience
- evaluates if we conform to social ideals
- ego ideal
- image of whom you most identify with (could be parents or someone you look up to or want to be like)
- neurotic paradox
- when a persons behavior becomes ruled by defense mechanisms or when the mechanisms are maladaptive they result in abnormal behavior.
-
psychosexual stages
(according to freud) -
oral stage- 18mnths
anal stage- 18mnths to 3 yrs
phallic stage- 3-6 yrs
latency stage
genital stage- 12yrs - object realations theory
- freuds aspects intergrated with role of early relationships in the development of self concept and personality
- stages of self concept
-
undifferentiated
symbiosis
separation indiduation
intergration - behavioral theories of abnormality
- focus on the influences of reinforcements and punishments in producing behavior
- operant conditioning
- skinner; shaping behavior based on punishment and rewards
- cognitive theories of abnormality
- cognitions shape our behaviors and the emotions that we experience
- sullivan
- study of the important others in the development of the self concept using children recieving feedback
- ethology
- the study of animal behavior
- family systems
-
inflexible
emeshed
disengaged
pathological triangular - biomedical
- physical disease of the brain
- schizoimpersonality disorder
- one who is entirely in depend from anyone or anything... allof and stubborn
- Karen horney
-
psychoanalytic social theory
-emphasize influence in early stages
-basic hostility
-basic anxiety
-styles of relating
moving toward people, move against people, move away from people
-self hatered - existential theory
- fear of death, being alone, isolated, afraid of responsiblity
- correlation studies
- examine the relationship between an independent variable and a dependent variable without manipulating either variable
- epidemiology
- study of frequency in distribution of a disorder or group of disorders in a population
- human lab studies
- exposing one to a variable in the lab and measuring the outcomes
- therapy outcome studies
- reducing psychopathology by reducing factors that cause it; helping while obtaining information
- meta analysis
- a statistical technique for summarizing the result accross severeal studies
- differential diagnosis
- a determination of which of several possible disorders an individual may be suffereing