Biology II Skeletal
Terms
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- Explain difference between axial and appendiclar skeletons
-
axial: head, neck, trunk; 80
appendicular: appendages, girdles; 126 - Total number of bones in human skeleton
- 206
- Where is yellow marrow produced? And what do we find stored in yellow marrow?
- In medullary canal; lipids (fat)
- Where is red marrow produced? And what is stored in red marrow?
- epiphysis/spongy bone; RBC, WBC, platelets
- What is another name for growth plate?
- epiphysial plate
- What is the term used to describe the shaft of the bone?
- diaphysis
- Where is spongy bone located?
- epiphysis
- Where is compact bone located?
- diaphysis
- What is the fibrous, connective tissue that surrounds the bone?
- periosteum
- The location/point where the ends of the bone/shaft meet.
- metaphysis
- What is another name for a soft spot?
- fontanel
- Where does primary osification begin? What age?
- shaft/diaphysis; 5/6th week of embryonic development
- Where does secondary osification begin?
- epiphysis - complete at birth
- 4 sinuses (superior to inferior)
- frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, maxillary
- Mature bone cell
- osteocyte
- Immature bone cell
- osteoblast
- A bone cell that breaks down old bone tissue
- osteoclast
- An unspecialized bone cell that undergoes miotic change
- osteoprogenital cell
- Another name for bone tissue
- osseous
- 4 functions of the skeletal system
- movement, rotection, mineal storage, blood cell production, attachment for muscles, energy storage
- the matrix that makes up bone tissue: What percent is water, protein, and calcium phosphorus?
- 25% water, 25% proteins, 50% calcium phosphorus
- What is the difference between intramembranous and endochondral bones?
-
intramembranous: flat bones; skull, rib
endochondral: round bones; humerus - What two primary mineral salts do bones store?
- calcium and phosphorus
- List three things that control bone growth
- genetics, hormones, diet, mmineral storage
- How does bone grow in diameter?
- laying down new tissue
- How does the bone grow in length?
- mitotic division at growth plate
- What is a break in the bone called?
- fracture
- What is the ongoing replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue?
- remodeling
- What is mesenchymal tissue?
- embryonic tissue
- What connects muscle to bone?
- tendon
- What connects bone to bone?
- ligaments
- When you have a fracture, what are the four steps of the healing process?
- forms hemotoma, forms soft callus, forms soft callus, remodeling
- A greenstick fracture: adult or child?
- child
- Articulation describes what?
- to move with
- What occurs in calcification?
- when minerals are deposited in collagen
- What gives bones its tensile strength? And what gives bone its hardness?
- collagen fibers; minerals
- What is the difference between true and false ribs?
-
true: connected to sternum by hyaline cartilage
false: 1st connected to each other by cartilage then to sternum - "Foramen" means what?
- opening
- An increase in the production of GH (Growth Hormone) is linked to what syndrome?
- acromegaly
- What is the space/cavity in the bone called?
- sinus
- 4 differences between adult/child skeleton
- suture lines are wide, space between cranial bones, bones softer, orbits are larger, smaller nasal cavity, prominent forehead (all in child)
- What is a suture line?
- fibrous, connective tissue between bones
- What is the purpose of a foramen in the skeleton?
- for nerves/ligaments to travel through, muscles to connect, primarily nerve travel
- What allows head to pivot?
- atlas and axis
- What are some functions of the sinus cavities?
- reduce weight of skull, warm, filte, moisturize air, voice resonance
- How many curves are there in the spine?
- 4
- What is the tissue that lines the medullary canal?
- endosteum
- The only bone that does not articulate with and other bone in the body.
- hyoid
- increase angle between bones
- extension
- decrease angle between bones
- flexion
- forward movement
- protraction
- backward movement
- retraction
- circular movement
- circumduction
- turning on an axis
- rotation
- lying on my stomach with my palms down
- pronation
- lying on back with palms facing up
- supination
- movement that raises the bone
- elevation
- the lowering of a bone
- depression
- away from the midline
- abduction
- toward the midline
- adduction
- movement that bends part beyond normal extension
- hyperextension
- movement that flexes foot towards sole (arch)
- plantar flexion
- hip and shoulder
- ball and socket
- thumb
- saddle
- elbow
- hinge
- wrist
- gliding
- atlas and axis
- pivot
- joint between metacarpals and phalanges
- condaloid
- vertebal column
- 26
- cranial/facial
- 22
- middle ears
- 6
- hyoid
- 1
- thoracic cage
- 25
- pectoral girdle
- 4
- upper limbs
- 60
- pelvic girdle
- 2
- lower limbs
- 60