Sociology Theio 6,7,9
Terms
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- Deviance
- any act that violates a social norm
- 3 factors that determine what deviance is
-
time
place
public consensus or power - criminal deviance
- violation of a criminal law
- noncriminal deviance
- does not involve violation of criminal laws
- Homicide is,
-
a crime of passion
personal crime
-handguns are the weapon of choice - rape
- involves the use of force to get a woman to do something sexual against her will
- Binge Drinking
-
5 drinks or more for men
4 drinks or more for women
all in a row - Why binge drink
-
social pressure to fit in
stress from having to work hard for good grades - corporate crime
- committed by company officials without the onset use of force, and their effect on the victims is not readily traceable to the offender
- how corporate criminals maintain their self-image
-
rationalization
seeing oneself as a victim rather than an offender
denial of criminal intent - psychosis
- typified by loss of touch with reality
- neurosis
- persistant fear, anxiety, or worry about trivial maters
- Most common mental problems
- anxiety and phobia followed by depression or alcoholism
- social forces involved in the development of mental problems
- social class, gender, ethnicity, and culture
- Altruistic suicide
- individuals are so strongly tied to their group that they effectively lose their selves and stand ready to do their group\'s bidding
- Anomie
-
\"normlessness\" a social condition in which norms are absent, weak, or in conflict
may rise when there is an inconsistency in society between the cultural goals and the institutionalized means of achieving the goals -
Merton\'s strain theory
4 responses -
conformity
ritualism
retreatism
rebellion - conformity
- accepting both the cultural goal of success and the use of legitimate means for achieving that goal.
- Ritualism
- occurs when people no longer set high success goals but continue to toil as conscientious, diligent workers
- Retreatism
- withdrawal from society, caring neither about success nor about working
- rebellion
- occurs when people reject and attempt to change both the goals and the means approved by society
-
Hirschi\'s Control Theory
4 types of social bonds -
attachment to conventional people and institutions
commitment to conformity
involvement in conventional activities
belief in the moral validity of social rules - disintegrative shaming
- the wrongdoer is punished in such a way as to be stigmatized, rejected, or ostracized
- reintegrative shaming
- more positive and involves making wrongdoers feel guilty while showing them understanding, forgiveness, or even respect
- Marginal surplus population
-
superfluous or useless to the economy
compelled to commit property crimes to survive - 3 reasons why deviance is more common among the powerful:
-
stronger deviant motivation
the powerful enjoy greater opportunities for deviance
the powerful are subjected to weaker social control - differential association
-
the process of acquiring, through association with others
an individual is likely to become deviant if they engage in this - primary deviance
- refers to these violations of norms that a person commits for the first time and without considering them deviant
- secondary deviance
- refers to such repeated norm violations, which the violators themselves recognize as deviant
- Factors that explain the lower rates of deviance among women
-
socialization
social control
lack of deviant opportunity - most effective way of controlling deviance
- internalization through socialization
- control by others
-
needed to limit deviance and maintain social order
informal controls through discipline, criticism, ridicule, etc
Formal is imposed by police, judges, law enforcement, etc. - Why the death penalty doesn\'t prevent murder
-
murder is a crime of passion
casual forces of murder are simply too powerful to be neutralized by the threat of capital punishment - Willful deviance
- a crime and the criminal justice system is called on to control it
- unwillful deviance
- an illness, and medicine, as a social institution used to control it
- medicaliztion of deviance
- diagnosing and treating deviant behavior as a disease
- War on drugs consists of two basic strategies
-
Punitive
supportive - Punitive approach (war on drugs)
- using law enforcement to stop the supply of drugs and punish drug sellers and users
- supportive approach (war on drugs)
- using drug prevention or education and treatment to reduce the demand for drugs and help drug addicts
- social stratification
- the system in which some people get more or fewer rewards than others
- three most important bases of stratification in the U.S.
-
wealth - economic rewards
power- political rewards
prestige - social rewards - Karl Marx division of industrial society (2 major and 1 minor class)
-
bourgeoise (capitalist)
Proletariat (workers)
Petite bourgeoise (small capitalists) - power
-
the ability to control the behavior of others, even against their will
-power is associated with wealth - power elite
-
a small group of top leaders not just from business corporations but also from the federal government and the military
have similar backgrounds, values, and interests - status system
- a system in which people are stratified according to their social prestigue
- wealth and power are objective meaning...
- individual can have them regardless of what others think of them
- prestige is is subjective meaning...
-
depends on how the individual is seen by others
can be associated with occupation - status inconsistency
- the condition in which the same individual is given the conflicting status rankings, such as being high in occupation but low in ethnicity or gender
- Master slave system
- some people are held in servitude as someone else\'s property
- Chattel slavery
- similar to the ancient format of human bondage
- debt bondage
- working to pay off loans
- In the Feudal System, societies were stratified into 2 groups
-
Serfs or peasants - those who worked the land
Lords or landlords - those who appropriated some of the produce and labor of the workers - Caste system
- a relatively rigid stratification system in which people\'s positions are ascribed and fixed
- ascribed positions
- primarily determined by inherited characteristics
- fixed positions
- people must marry within their caste, children are born into their parent\'s caste, and movement from one caste to another almost never occurs
- India\'s 5 castes
-
based mostly on religion
Brahmins (priests and scholars)
Warriors
Merchants
Artisans and Menial workers
Untouchables (work is considered too spiritually unclean) - class system
- a relatively open stratification system in which peoples positions are achieved and changeable
- Kuznets curve
- the changing relationship between development and inequality
- Social class
- a category of people who have about the same amount of income, power, and prestige.
- 3 methods for determining a person\'s class
-
reputational method
subjective method
objective method - objective method
-
involves identifying social classes using income, occupation, and education to rank people
determines SES - reputational method
- identifying social classes by selecting a group of people and asking them to rank others
- subjective method
-
identifying social classes by asking people to rank themselves
(most identify in middle or working class) - Upper class is ____% of the population
- 3%
- Old rich
- families that have been wealthy for generations
- new rich
- created their own wealth - flamboyant with the money
- Largest class in the U.S.
- Middle class
- Life chances
- the likelihood of living a good, long, successful life
- class that has better life chances
- Upper class
- lifestyles
- tastes, preferences, and ways of living
- absolute poverty
- the lack of minimum food and shelter necessary for maintaining life
- Relative Poverty
-
biological poverty
a state of deprivation resulting from having less than the majority of the people have - feminizaiton of poverty
- a huge number of women living in poverty mostly as single mothers of families
- Poverty\'s positive functions for soceity
-
makes it possible for society\'s dirty work to be done
poor make it easier for others to pursue their business and professional careers - Homeless
-
extremely poor
people who sleep in streets, parks, shelters, and other places - Homelessness has arisen from 3 social forces
-
increased shortage of inexpense housing for poor families and poor unattached persons
the decreasing demand for unskilled labor that has occurred since the 1980s
the erosion of public welfare benefits that has occurred over the last two decades - Social Mobility and different forms
-
movement from one social standing to another
-vertical
-horizontal
-intragenerational
-intergenerational - vertical mobility
- moving up or down the status ladder
- horizontal mobility
- movement from one job to another within the same status category
- intragenerational mobility
- change in an individual\'s social standing (career mobility)
- Intergenerational mobility
- a change in social standing from one generation to the next
- structural mobility
- related to social factors - changes in society
- individual mobility
- social mobility related to an individual\'s personal achievement and characteristics race, gender, ethnicity, education, occupation, etc.)
- global stratification
- some nations being in higher or lower class than others in a social system
- Human development index
- a measure of the quality of life or living standard (lower in poor countries)
- three types of child exploitation
-
work at home
labor outside the home
slavery - dependency theory
- rich nations exploit poor ones for power and commercial gain, thereby perpetuating poverty, underdevelopment, and dependency on rich nations
- neocolonialism
- the economic control exercised by rich nations over their former colonies
- gender roles
- patterns of attitude and behavior that a society expects of its members because they are female or male
- chromosomes
- the materials in a cell that transmit hereditary traits to the carrier from the carrier\'s parents
- hormones
- chemical substances that stimulate or inhibit vital biological processes
- most differences between men and women are due to what?
- Socialization more than biology
- Gender socialization - what helps determine gender roles
-
the family
peer groups
school
mass media - sexism
- prejudice and discrimination based on one\'s gender
- fundamental characteristic of sexism
- the belief that women are inferior to men
- power feminism
- helps all kinds of women (liberal or conservative) to win more political offices
- feminism
- the belief that women and men should be equal in various aspects of their lives
- 3 feminist movements
-
1st - mid 19th century - voting rights
2nd - mid 1960s - less discrimination in work and school
3rd - 1990s - (Grrl Feminism) More access to college and jobs - sexual harassment
-
an unwelcome act of sexual nature
-courts will only take this seriously if it happened more than once - instrumental role
- requires performance of a task (functionalist perspective)
- expressive role
- requires taking care of personal relationships (functionalist perspective)
- senescence
-
natural physical process of aging
-involves a decline in the body\'s functioning which increases the vulnerability to death - senility
- an abnormal condition characterized by serious memory loss
- crystalline intelligence
- wisdom and insight into the human condition (as shown by one\'s skills in language, philosophy, music or painting)
- Fluid intelligence
-
the ability to grasp abstract relationships (as in mathematics, physics, or some other science)
-tends to stabilize or decline with age - ageism
- prejudice and discrimination against older people
- roleless role
- being assigned no role in society\'s division of labor