Ch 12 - The Cell Cycle

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What is the purpose of Mitosis?: Reproduction, growth and repair.
What process distributes identical sets of chromosomes to daughter cells?: Cell Division
This is defined by the reproduction of cells.: Cell Division
How many chromosomes does a human cell have?: 46 chromosomes
(or 23 sets of chromosomes)
What is made continuously from dividing cells in bone marrow?: New blood cells
What are packages of DNA molecules called?: Chromosomes
These are all the body cells except the reproductive ones.: Somatic Cells
Reproductive cells are also known as ____?: Gametes
How many chromosomes do gametes have?: 23 chromosomes
What has 100's and 1000's of genes?: DNA Molecule
What maintains the structure of the chromosomes?: Histones (chromosomal proteins)
What helps to control the activity of the genes?: Histones (chromosomal proteins)
What is the term used to describe the DNA-protein complex?: Chromatids
What condenses after the cell duplicates its DNA?: Chromatin
What term is used to describe duplicated chromosomes?: Sister chromatids
These are identical copies of the choromsome's DNA molecule...: Sister Chromatids
What region joins the sister chromatids?: Centromere
What is the division of the nucleus?: Mitosis
What is the division of the cytoplasm?: Cytokinesis
What variation of cell division produces gametes?: Meiosis
What is the shortest part of the cell cycle?: Mitotic Phase (mitosis and cytokinesis)
What is the name of the longer phase that alternates with the Mitotic Phase?: Interphase
What are the 3 subphases of interphase?: 1. G1 phase (first gap)
2. S Phase
3. G2 phase (second gap)
During what phase(s) does the cell grow and produce proteins and cytoplasmic organelles?: During ALL 3 phases
During what phase are chromosomes duplicated?: S phase
What are the 5 subphases of Mitosis?: 1. Prophase
2. Prometaphase
3. Metaphase
4. Anaphase
5. Telophase
What phase is the growth period of the cell cycle?: Interphase
What is the name of the structure that helps to pull the chromosomes apart?: Spindle fibers
What is the macromolecule involved in mitosis?: Proteins Microtubules
What attaches to the kinetochores of the sister chromatids during metaphase?: Microtubules
During what phase of Mitosis are the sister chromatids considered chromosomes again?: Anaphase

When they're pulled apart
What is the division of one nucleus into 2 genetically identical nuclei?: Mitosis
What it is formed during cytokinesis in animals and plants?: Animals - Cleavage Furrow
Plants - Cell Wall
What distributes chromosomes to the daughter cells?: Mitotic Spindle
Where and when does the mitotic spindle form?: In the cytoplasm during prophase.
Microtubules are made from what form of protein?: Tubulin
Where does the assemble of the spindle mcrotubules start?: In the centrosomes.
During what phase does the single centrosome replicate to from 2 centrosomes?: Interphase
Where is the kinetochore located?: At the centromere of the sister chromatids
What are the structures of proteins and specific sections of chromosomal DNA at the centromere called?: Kinetochore
During what phase is the spindle complete?: Metaphase
During what phase do the sister chromatids separate?: Anaphase
When does cytokinesis begin?: During Telophase, the last phase of Mitosis.
What protein structure assists in forming a cleavage furrow?: Microfilament, Actin
In what cell does a cleavage furrow form?: Animal Cell
In what type of cell does cytokinesis take place?: Both animal and plant cells.
What substance forms the cell plate in a plant cell?: Vesicles from the Golgi apparatus
What type of cell division takes place in bacteria?: Binary Fission
How many chromosomes do bacteria have?: 1 circular DNA
What drives the cell cycle?: Specific chemical signals present in the cytoplasm.
What triggers and coordinates key events in the cell cycle?: Cell Cycle Control System
What is the critical control point in the cell cycle where stop and go signals can regulate the cycle?: Checkpoints
Where are the 3 major checkpoints found?: G1, G2, and M Phase
Which checkpoint is the most important, and why?: G1; the go ahead at G1 usually sends the cell through completion of the cycle and division.
What phase are most of the cells of the human body in?: G0, nondividing/resting phase
What kinds of molecules make up the cell cycle control system?: Cyclins and Cyclin-Dependent Kinases.
What kind of macromolecules perform a regulatory function in the cell cycle clock?: Proteins (protein kinases to be exact)
What enzymes activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them?: Protein Kinases
At what checkpoints do protein kinases give the go-ahead signals?: G1, and G2
Is a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase (Cdk) active or inactive?: Active when Kinase is attached to a Cyclin
What promotes mitosis by phosphorylating various proteins, including other enzymes?: MPF
What is formed when cyclin attaches to a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase?: MPF (M-phase promoting factor)
What does MPF trigger in Mitosis?: The cell's passage past the G2 checkpoint of the cell cycle
What component is recycled in the cell cycle, and where does it come from?: Cdk (from the MPF)
What purpose does the M checkpoint serve in the cell cycle?: It ensures that all of the sister chromatids kinetochores are attached to the spindle microtubules so that the daughter cells do not end up with missing or extra chromosomes.
What must be present for cells to divide?: Growth Factor
What is the protein released by certain body cells that stimulates other cells to divide?: Growth Factor
What is the type of connective tissue cell that has PDGF receptors on their plasma membrane?: Fibroblasts.
When do cyclin levels rise and fall?: Rise - Interphase
Fall - Mitosis
The M phase checkpoint controls the onset of which mitotic phase?: Anaphase
What type of external factors influence cell division?: Nutrients and the presence of growth factors,
What type of receptors do PDGF molecules bind?: Tyrosine-kinase receptors
What term describes the phenomenon in which crowded cells stop dividing?: Density-dependent inhibition
This is when cells divide until an open space is filled.: Density-dependent inhibition
What 2 signals determine the ability for an animal cell to divide?: Density-dependent inhibition
Anchorage dependence
When cells divide, the must be attached. What is this known as ____?: Anchorage Dependence
How do cancer cells differ from normal cells?: They exhibit neither density-dependence inhibition nor anchorage dependence.
What do normal cells use that cancer cell do not?: Growth factors
Why are cancer cells different from normal cells?: They do not heed the normal signals that regulate the cell cycle.
When does the problem begin with cancer cells?: When a single normal cell in a tissue is TRANSFORMED into a cancer cell.
What term describes the mass of abnormal cells within otherwise normal tissue?: Tumor
What type of tumor is recognized by a lump of abnormal cells formed at the original site?: Benign Tumor
What type of tumor is evasive enough to impair the functions of 1+ organs?: Malignant Tumor
What type of tumor does a person with cancer have?: Malignant Tumor
In what ways are the cells of a malignant tumor abnormal?: 1. Unusual # of chromosomes
2. Their metabolism is deranged
3. Abnormal changes on the cell's surface causing it to spread to other tissues
What do we call cancer cells that have spread to locations distant from their original site?: Metastasis
What effect does cellular transformation have?: Alters the genes that somehow influence the cell cycle control system
How do cancer cells travel to other parts of the body?: Through lymph and blood vessels.
What is the decline of MPF at the end of mitosis caused by?: The enzymatic destruction of cyclin

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