Chapter nine 2
Terms
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- Developmental psychology
- The study of how people grow, mature, and change over the life span
- Cross sectional study
- A method of developmental research in which people of different ages are tested and compared
- Longitudinal Study
- A method of develomental research in which the same people are tested at different times to track changes related to age
- Zygote
- A fertilized egg that undergoes a two-week period of rapid cell division and develops into an embryo
- Embryo
- The developing human organism, from two weeks to two months after conceptions
- fetus
- The developing human organism, from nine weeks after conception to birth
- Teratogens
- Toxic substances that can harm the embryo or fetus during prenatal development
- Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
- A specific pattern of birth defects (stunted growth, facial deformity, and mental retardation) often found in the offspring of alcoholic mothers
- Recovery
- Following habituation to one stimulus, the tendency for a second stimulus to arouse new interest (often used to test whether infants can discriminate between stimuli)
- Grasping reflex
- In infants, an automatic tendency to grasp an object that stimulates the palm
- Rooting reflex
- In response to contact on the cheek, an infant's tendency to turn toward the stimulus and open its mouth.
- Schemas
- In Piaget's theory, mental representations of the world tt guide the processes of assimilation and accomodation
- Assimilation
- In piaget's theory the process of modifying existing cognitive structures in response to new information
- Sensorimotor stage
- Piaget's first stage of cognitive development, from birth to two years old, when infants come to know the world through their own actions
- Object permanence
- Developing at six to eight months, an awaremess that objects continue to exist after they disappear from view.
- Separation anxiety
- Among infants with object permanence, a fear reaction to the absence of their primary caretaker
- Preoperations stage
- Piaget's second stage of cognitive development, when two to six year olds become capable of reasoning in an intuitive, prelogical manner.
- Egocentric
- Self-centered, unable to adopt the other the perspective of another person
- Conversation
- The concept that physical properties of an object remain the same despite superficial changes in appearance
- Concrete operational Stage
- Piaget's third stage of cognitive development, when children become capable of logical reasoning
- Formal operational stage
- Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development, when adolescents become capable of logic and abstract thought
- Imprinting
- Among newly hatched ducks and geese, an instinctive tendency to follow the mother
- Critical period
- A period of time during which an organism must be exposed to a certain stimulus for proper development to occur
- Attachment
- A deep emotional bond that an infant develops with its primary caretaker
- Strange-situation Test
- A parent-infant "separation and reunion" procedure that is staged in a laboratory to test the security of a child's attachment
- Secure attachment
- A parent-infant relationship in which the baby is secure when the parent is present, distressed by separation, and delighted by reunion.
- Insecure attachment
- A P/I relationship in which the baby clings to the parent, cries at separation, and reacts with anger or empathy to reunion
- Adolescence
- The period of life from puberty to adulthood, corresponding roughly to the ages of thirteen and twenty
- Puberty
- The onset of adolescence as evidenced by rapid growth, rising levels of sex hormones, and sexual maturity
- Menarche
- A girl's first menstrual period
- moral reasoning
- The way people think about and try to solve moral dilemmas
- empathy
- A feeling of joy for others who are happy and distress for those who are in pain
- identity crisis
- An adolescent's struggle to establish a personal identity, or self-concept
- Life Span
- the maximum age possible for members of a given species
- Life expectancy
- The number of years that an average member of a species is expected to live
- menopause
- The end of menstruation and fertility
- Alzheimer's disease
- A progressive brain disorder that strikes older people, causing memory loss and other symptoms
- Fluid inteligence
- A form of intelligence that involves the ability to reason logically and abstractly
- Crystallized intelligence
- A form of intelligence that reflects the accumulation of verbal skills and factual knowledge
- Social Clock
- A set of cultural expectations concerning the most appropriate age for men and women to leave home, marry, start a career, have children, and retire
- intelligence
- The capacity to learn from experience and adapt successfully to one's environment
- mental age
- In an intelligence test, the average age of the children who achieve a certain level of performance
- Stanford-Binet
- An American version of Binet's intelligence test that yeilds an IQ score with an average of 100.
- Intelligence quotient
- Originally defined as the ratio of the mental age to chronological age, it now represents a person's performance relative to same-age peers.
- Wechler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS)
- The most widely used IQ test for adults, it yeilds seperate scores for verbal and performance subtests
- Standardization
- the procedure by which existing norms are used to interpret an individual's test score
- Reliablity
- The extent to which a test yields consistent results over time or using alternative forms
- Test-retest reliablilty
- The degree to which a test yeilds consistent results when readministered at a later time
- Split half-reliability
- The degree to which alternate forms of a test yeild consistent results
- Validity
- The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is designed to do
- Content validity
- The extent to which a test measures what it's supposed to measure
- Criterion Validity
- The extent to which a test can predict a concurrent or future outcome
- General intelligence (g)
- A broad intellectual-ability factor used to explain why performances on different intelligence test items are often correlated
- Factor analysis
- A statistical technique used to identify clusters of test items that correlate with one another
- multiple intelligences
- Gardner's theory that there are seven types of intelligence (linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal)
- prodigy
- Someone who is highly precocious in a specific domain of endeavor
- Idiot savant
- Someone who is mentally retarded but is extrordinarily talented in some ways
- Triarchic thoery of intelligence
- Sternberg's thoery that there are three kinds of intelligence; analytic, creative, and practical
- Creativity
- Intellectual and motivational processes that lead to novel solutions, ideas, artistic forms, or products
- Divergent thinking
- The ability to think flexibly and entertain a wide range of possible solutions
- practical intelligence
- The ablilty to size up new situations and adapt to real life demands
- Project Head Start
- A preschool intellectual-enrichment program for children born of poor families
- Mental retardation
- A diagnostic category used for people with IQ scores below 70 who have difficulty adapting to the routine demands of life
- Self-fulfilling prophecy
- The idea that a person's expectation can lead to its own fulfullment (as in the effect of a teacher expectations on student performance)
- Stereotype threat
- The tendency for positive and negative performance stereotypes about a group to influence its members when they are tested in the stereotyped domain